Ebonics dialect Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ebonics dialect - Research Paper Example The better understanding of a language does not come through following the strict rules that prescribes how the grammar and structure of the language should be applied. The understanding of language clearly sets in, when the learners â€Å"choose not to follow the prescriptive usage† (Curzan, 870). There is dispute on the fact that learning to apply the rules of Standard English language is essential, most especially considering that it is the formal and official language that is applied in business meetings, news reading and in different other global social and political platforms. In addition, the education, general publications and any other formal documents also apply Standard English (Curzan, 873). Thus, there is no doubt that there is a need for learners to understand the application of the Standard English, if they are to become effective communicators beyond their current classroom contexts. However, while teaching the Standard English language, it is only essential th at it is not applied as the standard of measure against which other non-standard or derivative English languages should compare their grammar and sentence structure. This position has been advanced by Anne Curzan, who argues that it would certainly be wrong pretending that â€Å"written Standard English is above question† (Curzan, 871). This essay, then, aims to emphasize that it is the social perception, as opposed to the inherent superiority of a language, that gives language its meaning. According to David Wallace, the essence of a language rests in its prevalence over everything and its applicability everywhere, such that the grammar purists, whom he also refers to as snoots, have a more glorious moment than the computer nerds (Wallace, 48). This argument serves to drive to the point that language derives its meaning from its applicability, more than from the actual fact that it is a superior or inferior language. Therefore, Wallace then holds that the application of

Leadership In Context And The Saf Leadership Doctrine Management Essay

Leadership In Context And The Saf Leadership Doctrine Management Essay Leadership have been described as the process of influence others, perhaps true to say that leadership have become feature of all culture throughout history. It has certainly been an essential quality in all cultures that have survived and flourished. The objective of this essay is to explain the understanding of leadership in the context of SAF, the SAF leadership competency model and Framework Behaviour / Competency / Skill approaches. It will then answered on the ideas or issues to which there are two things to be examined over the concept or theory and followed by the reflection from lesson 1 to 5. What Is Leadership What leadership means to me and why it matters in Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF)? Leadership is a responsibility to lead a team or organisation in order to carry out the mission or complete the task effectively. As an officer in the armed forces, I must be able to inspire the people by showing my character, values of existing fields and possess good communication. This ability has been cultivated since the beginning when I joined the organisation. In Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF), the context is referred to leader and manager. The two approaches are different, where a leader can be described as a person who shows the way, urges and goals, and manager is a person who oversees, supervises, guides and administers  [2]  . Therefore to be effective in what we do we must have both skills. As a leader must have vision, being able to communicate that vision and convince our people to follow and to take willingly. In addition to that, the core values explain how we as a leaders and managers must act as a role models for our subordinates to follow. It describes how we must behave in order to motivate and guide those for whom we are responsible in RBAF. The SAF Leadership Doctrine (Framework Competency Model) What is remarkable in the SAF Leadership framework is the order of two main forms, namely in the form of triangle and circle. SAF has developed extensive and heading towards the direction of the third Generation SAF. In the second form of the framework explains the pattern of leadership for the desired direction. The uniqueness of this framework gives pictorial understanding the meaning and thought leadership in the two forms of order. Each form has a framework as a distinctive feature descriptions are summarized as follows: In a circle each leader must emphasize affect people with a good understanding of the mission and objectives, operating environment and the desired results. Triangle provides a framework to determine the need for leaders to effective leadership in the SAF. Benefits of this framework create awareness in performing their duties and responsibilities and know where the weaknesses that needs to be improved. For understanding the context of leadership, the triangle shape consists of four domains which are values, competencies, styles and self. The form of the circle can identify the contextual through three domains, namely the mission and objectives, operating environment and desired outcomes  [3]  . This framework is not only expanding the list of ingredients for effective leadership, but also emphasized the unique importance. This context called the SAF Leadership 24-7 as shown in Figure 1  [4]  . Every building blocks affect a leader and moving journey through the contacts contained in a circle. Form of this framework can be used to service Tri and also to the inferior and middle managers. Contextual insight 3 domains have relationship with manifestation of leadership in the SAF. If either one of the domain is failed, then overall will be unsuccessful. Figure 1. SAF Leadership Framework 24-7 Behavioural / Competency / Skill Approaches to Leadership The SAF Leadership Competency Model consists of five competency domains and 14 skills are common to the SAF  [5]  . In the skill domains are divided into 3 levels of leadership of different Behaviours; Direct, Organizational and strategic. The style approach emphasises the behaviour of the leaders. Style approach is different from trait and skills approaches because it focuses on what leaders do rather than are. There are two primary behaviours which are task behaviours and relationship behaviours. The task behaviours facilitate goal accomplishment or reach the objectives. Relationship behaviours help subordinates feel comfortable with themselves, with each other and the situation. The central focus is how leaders combined these two behaviours. Blake Mouton developed a model that described leadership behaviours on a managerial or leadership grid. The basic tenet is that based on concern for production and concern for people, the leadership style will fall into one of the 4 quadr ants  [6]  . By understanding the behaviour that lead style can be seen how you play the role as a leader. The main focus is what leaders do and how they act. As shown in Figure 2, the managerial behaviour is the preferred style area to operate which is both concern for people and results, and it also depend the area of environment you operate. However, this style is soft, but production will run smoothly. The behaviour approach required a great depth of understanding to study linkage to leadership. Figure 2. The Leadership Grid  [7]   What are the difference concepts between leadership and management? The terms leadership and management are distinguish differently by various people. The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they inspire the people who work or follow them. Back to the definition, leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal, whereas management is to exercise managerial, administrative and supervisory direction of a group or organization  [8]  . Leadership and management share many similarities. Both leadership and management involve influence, working with people, and working with effective goal management. However, the fields of leadership and management can also be considered very different. To distinguish between leadership and management, a comparison between leadership and management activities is shown in Figure 3. An individual can be a great leader, a great manager, or both, but each area requires the mastery of slightly different skills and competencies. LEADERSHIP MANAGEMENT KEY THEORISTS Seeking order and stability Seeking adaptive and constructive change Kotter (1990) Do the right things Do things right Bennis Nanus (1985) Multidirectional relationship Develop mutual purpose Unidirectional relationship Coordinating activities Rost (1991) Source: Northouse, 2007, p. 9-10 Figure 3. Comparison Function of Leadership and Management Although there is a clear distinction between management and leadership, two roles are overlapping. Take for example, Ship CO lead the command of the ship for patrol with his crews. When CO takes charge on planning and controlling, he is involved in management. When CO became manager in influencing the ships crew to achieve their task, he is involved in leadership. Both processes affect the ships crew to achieve the task. Overall, this is depends on the tasking given where the CO can take more leadership and less management or vice-versa. Do I want more leadership/management oriented responsibilities? Again taking an example as Ship CO where his leadership may vary depending on his task and works with his crew. His management function will demand more as to look after the men including the ship so ship organisation will run efficiently. As shown in Figure 3 above, management is about seeking order and stability; leadership is about seeking adaptive and constructive  [9]  . When there is more leadership responsibilities, it required time and concentration of effort for Ship CO that will affect changes on his crew. My strength and weakness By understanding the leadership in context, more in-depth thought to show that there are weaknesses in my area of leadership. In lesson 1 to 5, can be make a distinction whether my leadership style and leadership effectiveness for this has been achieved or need to be developed. As shown in the diagram on Figure 1 above, the leadership competency framework model, generally through this form of triangle and circle guidance can establish from one of 4 building blocks. The understanding of military leadership and the difference between management, leadership and command give an overview and their relationship to my reflection. During this course, the main focus is to look and think into my Personal Mastery and Self. On top of that, the 5 competency domains and 14 skill domains can be taken as education knowledge. The MBTI tool is described about the preferences to distinguish my type of personality whether the function of judging (thinking and feeling) and perceiving functions (sensing Intuition). My profile obtained was based on ENTJ (Direct Decide), strength of character that helped me through character Extraversion and Thinking. However, to assist on my weakness parts, I need to look into Introversion which several of this type should appreciate deep thinking methodology and understanding the logic. Meanwhile, IDAP methods provide important feedback to guide me towards achieving the desired direction. From short to long term goal that measure my success. Strength and weakness of the evidence provided will develop and improve my weakness area with the help of coaching method. Interviews were conducted with the Directing Staff to evaluate my IDAP. To achieve my goal is to do a reflection on my strength and weakness and taking the feedback positively. Conclusion The essay has explained on my understanding on leadership in context and the important of it in relation to RBAF. The SAF Leadership Framework competency which has a unique to SAF and the Behavioural / Competency / Skill approaches to leadership give more thought on style approach and competency domain which is common to SAF. To elaborate further, it discussed the difference between leadership and management and their responsibilities. As a manager and a leader both roles are significant by having their style approach towards the task. Overall my reflection on the lesson 1 5, has significantly open my awareness especially the tools (MBTI and IDAP) which will further improve my leadership knowledge during this course.

Shakespeares Portrayal of Henry V as the Model Monarch Essay -- Papers

Shakespeare's Portrayal of Henry V as the Model Monarch In this essay I intend to show that Shakespeare portrays Henry as the Classic Sovereign as he is patriotic, brave, cunning, religious, natural leader & in touch with the lower class of the country. I will use quotes and remarks in the play to show this and present it. I shall firstly do a summery of the play and give a basic image of what it contains, and then give a detailed analysis, which will give a more detailed view of particular scenes to show how Shakespeare shows Henry's character and finally I shall make a conclusion to present my evidence, to show that Henry is presented as a model monarch. The play is based around Henry V's later life after he has become monarch. He is shown in the plays forerunner Henry IV were he is a young prince he is shown as an insurgent young future king. He Drinks with a group of lowlifes from the criminal underworld of London and visits Brothels with them. However he is shown to have fitted into the role of King perfectly, and the play Henry V shows the most successful years of his life, in his campaign to gain France. The Chorus asks the audience to excuse the limitations of the theatre and to use their imaginations to conjure up the great events, which are to be presented in the play. ACT I. The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Ely are anxious about a proposed bill, which would transfer a vast deal of the Church's property to the King. The Archbishop hopes that he may have averted this by the offer of a sizeable amount of money. We hear that the Kings disposition has significantly enhanced since he has come to the thron... ... military commander and avoids useless loss of life such as at Harfleur. In matters of state Henry is firm and decisive. His reply to the Dauphins "tennis balls"insult is angery but restrained and he listens to the advice of others. He dispences justice in a fair and impartial manner. The three traitors are condemned to death because they have threatened the safety of the kingdom and does not seek personal revenge & also has qualities which encoiurage us to believe in him as a human being, not just a paragon of kingly virtues. He has a sense of humour and is awkward and blunt when speaking to Katherine. I have done an Introduction, General summery, Detailed analyasis and a Conclusion and have put forward all my views and fulfilled the question criteria and have proven that Henry V is portrayed as a model monarch.

Small Change

At the end of September, Malcolm Gladwell, a staff writer for the New Yorker magazine and author of The Tipping Point and Blink, published a piece, Small Change: Why the Revolution Will not be Tweeted, in that magazine making the argument that social media tools like Facebook and Twitter were overhyped as agents of social change at best and at worst, completely useless in helping move the kind of high-risk actions that are strong enough to bring down governments and change cultures. Using the wave of sit-ins that swept the South in 1960 during the Civil Rights Movement as his prime example, Gladwell rests his thesis upon two points.First, movements and high-risk socio-political actions are carried out by people who have strong ties to each other or a strong level of commitment to the movement itself and the actions they undertake serve to reinforce those ties. Second, the momentum and strategic direction of movements requires some level of hierarchy and organization so the energy has a chance of winning the kinds of change the participants want to see. Given these two requisites for large-scale social change, he says, there is no way that social networks will actually be able to play a role in amplifying or directing social change.This essay engendered a firestorm of criticism from activists who use Facebook and Twitter as part of their daily work in organizing for progressive social change in the America. Some of it was the usual triumphalism of the tech geek. Some of it was an interesting mix of â€Å"old guys don’t get it† and â€Å"it's not the 60’s anymore so don’t expect change to look like it did 50 years ago†. None of these responses dealt at all with the main points of his thesis, strong-ties and the primacy of closed, hierarchical organizations.However, an increasing number of responses have tackled those issues and done it from the point of view of activists and organizers working hard to change the public policy cl imate of the United States. These responses range from top-level examination of how Gladwell positions his understanding of Twitter and Facebook within his own thesis on ties and hierarchy to nuts-and-bolts examinations of how modern progressive organizations are fighting for and winning progressive change using organizing methodologies that deploy Twitter and Facebook as tools in a tactical arsenal that increasingly includes a dizzying array of options.

Dementia awareness

Explain what is meant by demtia: Dementia is a term that is used when the brain is affected by different diseses or conditions. Describe the key functions of the brain affected by dementia: The key functions of the brain affected by dementia are- processing information,language,memory,ability to make sound Judements. Explain why depression, delirium and age related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia: They may be mistaken for dementia because the symtoms are simular eg ild cognitive impairment, apathy, confusion, poor memory, low concentration.Understand key features of the theoretical models of dementia Outline the medical model of dementia: Expert control, dependency upon experts denial of personhood, not recognising the social context, distinction between normal and pathological, individualisation of behaviors, blaming the individual, tratment of the illness. Outline the social model of dementia: Interaction of biological and social factors, importance of communities an d social etworks, role of socio-economic factors, political factors, recognition of personhood, effects of empowerment.Explain why dementia should be viewed as a disability: Dementia should be viewed as a disability because people who have dementia are at risk of harm, and are vunerable Know the most common types of dementia and their causes List the most common causes of dementia+ their symptoms: Alzheimers disease: causes- changes in chemistry and structure of the brain, death of brain cells, signs and symptoms- memory loss related to recent events,familiar aces, confusion about time of day, familiar objects and faces, finding the right word.Lewy body dementia: causes- development of lewy bodies inside the nerve cells, degeneration of brain tissue, signs and symptoms- memory loss, problem solving, confusion and delirium, servere phychotic symtoms such as persistant hallucinations. Vascular dementia: causes- effects of a stroke+a series of small strokes, signs and symptoms- memory loss dizzyness, slurred speech, effects movement, rapid+shuffing steps, leg/arm weakness, loss of bowel/bladder control.Fronto- temporal dementia: causes- accumulation of proteins, development of pick bodies, signs and symptoms- lack of insight, inability to emphasise, changing or inappropriate behaviour, loss of inhibitions, development of compulsive rituals. Risk factors- age related eg, higher blood pressure, changes to nerve cells, DNA cell structure, body repairs itself slower. Prevalence rates : people with medical history like downs syndrome, hiv, and peoples lifestyles eg- excess alcohol, lack of exercise, inappropriate diet.Understand tactors relating to an individuals experience ot dementia Describe now ifferent individuals may experience living with dementia depending on age, type of dementia, and level of ability and disability: Every individual with dementia are going to experience it different, because everybodys health situations are different, age, location, social n etworks, some may have support from friends and family and some may be alone, Behaviour of others: Behaviour of others can make a difference for someone with dementia eg, care workers, colleages, managers, speech therapists, support groups.If having this support will make the individuals experience better than without the support. Dementia awareness Some of these things old be symptoms of dementia but they could Just be a memory Impairment. 2. 1 The medial model of dementia feels that it is more important to treat the disease rather than the person. It focuses on the impairment as the problem and seeks to create dependency. The social model of dementia focus' on the individual. And try's to ensure the person's capabilities are maintained. By learning about each person, the care and support can be designed appropriately for the individual's needs. 2. 3 Dementia should be classed as a disability because as the disease progresses, the more support the individual needs.They could be unaware of the medication they need to take, ensure that they are eating/drinking. Maintaining personal hygiene. Each individual with dementia is different so they needs the care and support to maintain a good life. 3. 1 Alchemist's. Vascular dementia- when the oxygen doesn't reach the brain. ; Eely Bodies. Front-Temporal Dementia. 3. 2 & 3. 3 Signs and symptoms of Alchemist's are: Minor memory problems Trouble saying the right words. Disorientation Mood swings Behavior changes The risk factors for Alchemist's are: Age- most people are 65+ and likelihood doubles every 5 years. ;Genes (heredity) Signs and symptoms of vascular dementia are: Difficulties with completing tasks. Memory loss Mental confusion Low attention span Wandering in the night Stroke like symptoms The risk factors for vascular dementia are: Increasing age History of heart attacks, strokes or mini strokes. High cholesterol and blood pressure Diabetes Smoking Signs and symptoms of dementia in the Eely bodies: Visual hallucinations Delusions Muscle stiffness Slower movements Shaking and trembling Problems sleeping Risk factors for dementia in the Eely bodies are: Dementia in the Family history your risk of getting it.Signs and symptoms of Front-temporal dementia: Aggression Compulsive behavior Being easily distracted Lack of interest of washing themselves. 3. 4 Preval ence rates for dementia in the UK are: 40-64 years: 1 in 1400 65-69 years: 1 in 100 70-79 years: 1 29 80* years: 1 in 5 4. 1 Everyone who has dementia is an individual and will be at different stages of their dementia. An older person with Eely bodies' dementia may need more assistance with everyday life tasks than an older person with Alchemist's. This could be because how much they can do with the disease they have.A person with Eely bodies' mental may need assistance with eating and drinking than a person with Alchemist's as they can't hold cutely because their body shakes but the person with Alchemist's will be fine eating and drinking. A younger person with dementia may have different interests to someone who is 82 and has dementia. The support should be there to meet everyone individual needs. 4. 2 Other may act well to a person who has dementia because they know what is up with the person and has some knowledge and understanding. A person who has no understanding of dementia could have wrong Judgments and assumptions of a person with dementia. Dementia awareness Explain what is meant by demtia: Dementia is a term that is used when the brain is affected by different diseses or conditions. Describe the key functions of the brain affected by dementia: The key functions of the brain affected by dementia are- processing information,language,memory,ability to make sound Judements. Explain why depression, delirium and age related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia: They may be mistaken for dementia because the symtoms are simular eg ild cognitive impairment, apathy, confusion, poor memory, low concentration.Understand key features of the theoretical models of dementia Outline the medical model of dementia: Expert control, dependency upon experts denial of personhood, not recognising the social context, distinction between normal and pathological, individualisation of behaviors, blaming the individual, tratment of the illness. Outline the social model of dementia: Interaction of biological and social factors, importance of communities an d social etworks, role of socio-economic factors, political factors, recognition of personhood, effects of empowerment.Explain why dementia should be viewed as a disability: Dementia should be viewed as a disability because people who have dementia are at risk of harm, and are vunerable Know the most common types of dementia and their causes List the most common causes of dementia+ their symptoms: Alzheimers disease: causes- changes in chemistry and structure of the brain, death of brain cells, signs and symptoms- memory loss related to recent events,familiar aces, confusion about time of day, familiar objects and faces, finding the right word.Lewy body dementia: causes- development of lewy bodies inside the nerve cells, degeneration of brain tissue, signs and symptoms- memory loss, problem solving, confusion and delirium, servere phychotic symtoms such as persistant hallucinations. Vascular dementia: causes- effects of a stroke+a series of small strokes, signs and symptoms- memory loss dizzyness, slurred speech, effects movement, rapid+shuffing steps, leg/arm weakness, loss of bowel/bladder control.Fronto- temporal dementia: causes- accumulation of proteins, development of pick bodies, signs and symptoms- lack of insight, inability to emphasise, changing or inappropriate behaviour, loss of inhibitions, development of compulsive rituals. Risk factors- age related eg, higher blood pressure, changes to nerve cells, DNA cell structure, body repairs itself slower. Prevalence rates : people with medical history like downs syndrome, hiv, and peoples lifestyles eg- excess alcohol, lack of exercise, inappropriate diet.Understand tactors relating to an individuals experience ot dementia Describe now ifferent individuals may experience living with dementia depending on age, type of dementia, and level of ability and disability: Every individual with dementia are going to experience it different, because everybodys health situations are different, age, location, social n etworks, some may have support from friends and family and some may be alone, Behaviour of others: Behaviour of others can make a difference for someone with dementia eg, care workers, colleages, managers, speech therapists, support groups.If having this support will make the individuals experience better than without the support.

Prenatal Care Essays

Prenatal Care Essays Prenatal Care Paper Prenatal Care Paper It is very important that you begin your prenatal care early, and continue this care regularly throughout your pregnancy. You want to give your baby a healthy start in life. You also want to make sure that you stay healthy, too. Your health, and your babys health, are closely tied together. When you are pregnant, everything you do can have an effect on your baby. That is why it is important to see your doctor as soon as you think you might be pregnant and then to continue with regular visits once the diagnosis is confirmed. Throughout your pregnancy, your doctor will perform a number of tests and procedures to make sure both you and baby are doing fine. You will also be given advice on how to take care of yourself so your baby will be born in the best possible health. This means eating plenty of dairy products, meat, fresh vegetables and fruits, and whole grain breads and cereals, and limiting your intake of fat, cholesterol and salt. During pregnancy, your body requires more of certain nutrients such as calcium and iron. Your doctor may recommend a supplement if you are not getting enough from your diet. By the end of your pregnancy, you should only have gained in the range of 20 to 35 pounds. It is also very important not to or take any that have not been! approved by your doctor. Many women continue to exercise during most of their pregnancy; however, it is important to check with your doctor first to decide on an exercise program that is right for you. During the first visit, you will be asked for details about your complete medical history, including medical conditions, surgeries, past pregnancies and habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol. You will have a complete physical as well, with examination of the heart, lungs and breasts in addition to a Pap smear and pelvic exam. The doctor may order tests to rule out sexually transmitted diseases. You will need to give samples of blood for tests to assess your blood type and blood count, to see whether you have hepatitis or HIV, and to check whether you are immune to rubella. Additional testing may be done depending on your history. In addition to the routine blood work with the first visit, blood tests are done between 16-20 weeks and again at 28 weeks. The former is an optional test to screen for neural-tube defects such as spina bifida and Down syndrome. a repeat blood count to check for anemia. Depending on your age or a family history of certain birth defects, y! ou may be offered genetic testing (CVS or amniocentesis) early in the pregnancy. Subsequent exams are usually every four weeks until your 28th week of pregnancy, then every two weeks until your 37th week. After that, you will be seen weekly. Most of these visits involve checking your weight and blood pressure and testing your urine for protein and sugar. The doctor will listen to the babys heartbeat and measure your uterus, the size of the uterus in centimeters should equal the weeks of pregnancy. She will ask how you are feeling, whether the baby is moving and whether you are experiencing any problems such as cramping, bleeding, headaches or excessive swelling. You should write down any questions you have and ask them each visit. During the last few weeks of pregnancy, your doctor may wish to do a pelvic exam to see if your cervix has begun to dilate The education about what is good for babies and what is harmful, that mothers miss when they dont get the earliest possible care is very critical. If you do not receive any maternity care then you are putting yourself and your baby at serious risks and future problems. Remember, what you do while you are pregnant can effect the rest of your childs life.

Let Them Eat Dog Essay Example

Let Them Eat Dog Essay Example Let Them Eat Dog Essay Let Them Eat Dog Essay This link is made with several factors applicable to various persons throughout a life. Humans being from American and occident are format in order not to eat dog. Firs of all, despite all the affection a dog can bring it is very useful. In facts dogs are been use In several area in order to simplify humans life. They are use in the police to search drug, in Antarctic to pull a sleight and even to help blind people in their daily life. We can see that dogs are helpful in various domain. Moreover, dogs are being personify by some. We can state the old person who live alone with their dogs which they treat them as a human being for example. In that specific situation, eating dogs is inconceivable and would be like eating a friend. Some pieces of our culture shows the attachment we have for dog. In French for example, we dont name a dog in the grammar as if it was a animal but we name it as a person with the same pronoun. We do not use it but all of the other persons. Dogs became with time a part of our life, which give us souvenirs. A lot of race are not consider as dangerous. This Is why since childhood, people are used to play with dogs. In that way they consider more likely dogs as a friend more than food. We can see that starting from the childhood, people lead to appreciate dogs. Eating dogs or not is all about the culture. As far as Im concerned, I remember seeing cogs locked in small cages in Indonesia In front of peoples house In the street. Indonesian do not have the same conceptions as we do, this Is why they treat them badly and sometimes eat them . Its like eating cows for the Indians or eating frogs, snails and horses for the French. Its all about culture. In his essay, fore try to make us react about something Inconceivable. Even If doing so In some countries would be beneficial, people have a greater added value by not eating them and keeping hem as companions.

When Is the PreACT 2018 PreACT Test Dates

When Is the PreACT 2018 PreACT Test Dates SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re planning to take the ACT, it’s a good idea to take the PreACT, too. This test is essentially a practice ACT for high school sophomores. But exactly when is the PreACT? Are there multiple PreACT test dates you can choose from?We answer these questions and more in this guide. In addition, we give you a few key tips on how to prep for the PreACT. The Short Answer: When Is the PreACT? The exact date on which you can take the PreACT varies depending on the school. Basically, it’s up to each school to decide when (and if) it wants to administer the test. This means that you have no choice when to take the PreACT (it's not like the SAT or ACT for which you can choose a specific test date). If your school or district decides not to offer the PreACT, you won't be able to take it. Schools that do intend to offer it, however, may administer it "any time between September 1 and June 1," according toACT, Inc.In other words, you'll take the testsometime during the school year- never during the summer. Furthermore, you’ll take it at school, most likely on a school day during regular school hours. So no having to wake up early on a Saturday as you need to do for the ACT! The Long Answer: How PreACT Test Dates Work Now for the long answer. There are a few key steps schools must take when deciding whether (and when) to administer the PreACT. Below is the basic timeline: Step 1: Schools Decide Whether to Administer the PreACT First, a school must decide whether it wants to administer the PreACT to students.If it's decided to administer the test, the school then orders the tests directly from ACT, Inc. (Note that students do not order their PreACT tests individually!) If your school hasn’t said anything about holding the PreACT, talk to your guidance counselor to see whether your school will consider offering the test to 10th graders who want to take it. Step 2: Schools Decide When to Hold the PreACT Once a school has chosen to hold the PreACT, it decides when to administer it. Unlike the ACT, which is only offered on certain Saturdays every year, the PreACT is typically held at school on a weekday.The bonus? You’ll be taking the test with students you know at your own school, which can make the testing environment more comfortable for you. As mentioned above, schools may pickany test date between September 1 and June 1.So you could end up taking the PreACT at the start of the school year (similar to the PSAT, which is always offered in October), or you could end up taking it near the end of the school year in May. All of this simply depends on what date your school feels best fits with its schedule. In short, the exact PreACT test date will ultimately be up to your school.Unfortunately, you can’t take the PreACT on a different test date. So if for some reason you’re going to be absent the day of the PreACT, you won’t be able to make it up on a later date. Ifyou’re not sure when your school plans to hold the PreACT,check with your guidance counselor. Step 3: Schools Send Out PreACT Information to 10th Graders In this last step, the school sends out information about the PreACT to its 10th graders. Generally, students will be toldwhen and where the PreACT will be held, how to sign up for it, and how much it’ll cost to take it. The PreACT typically costs $12 per student, but your school might cover all or part of this cost. If you have any questions about how much the test costs or how to register for it, ask your guidance counselor. How to Prep for the PreACT: 3 Essential Tips Now that you understand how PreACT test dates work, you might be wondering whether you should study for the test or just wing it. While the PreACT is certainly not as important as the ACT (or SAT) is, it can be helpful to do some light prep before taking it. This way, you’ll have a clear idea of what ACT score you’re likely to get later on and will be better able to pinpoint your strengths and weaknesses in the major skill areas: English, Math, Reading, and Science. Here are our top three tips for prepping for the PreACT: #1: Learn the Test Format First off, it’s a good idea to spend some time familiarizing yourself with the overall structure of the PreACT. As you might know, the PreACT format is extremely similar to the ACT format: both tests have four main sections (English, Math, Reading, and Science), have similar question types, and use a similar (though not identical) scoring scale (1-35 for the PreACT and 1-36 for the ACT). The only major differences between the PreACT and ACT are as follows: The PreACT is shorter than the ACT: In total, the PreACT is two hours and 10 minutes long (excluding breaks), whereas the ACT is two hours and 55 minutes long (without Writing) and three hours and 35 minutes long (with Writing). The PreACT is slightly easier than the ACT: Since the test is designed as a practice ACT and geared toward 10th graders (instead of 11th and 12th graders, which the ACT targets), its content and overall difficulty is somewhat easier than that on the ACT. The PreACT does not have an essay section: While the ACT includes an optional Writing section at the end of the test, the PreACT has no such writing component. Now, let's take a closer look at the PreACT format: English Math Reading Science Order 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Time 30 minutes 40 minutes 30 minutes 30 minutes # of Questions 45 36 25 (with 3 passages) 30 Time per Question 40 seconds 67 seconds 72 seconds 60 seconds Topics Tested Grammar, punctuation, organization, vocabulary, sentence style Integers, algebra, functions, geometry, statistics and probability Reading comprehension, vocabulary, text-based evidence Scientific reasoning skills, data/charts Sources: 2017-18 PreACT Administration Manual and PreACT Interpretive Guide Note that you’ll also get a 10- to 15-minute break between the Math and Reading sections. For more information about the PreACT, check out the resources ACT, Inc. has on its website. In addition, since the PreACT is so similar to the ACT, I suggest looking at our in-depth guide to the ACT format to further acquaint yourself with the PreACT and ACT structures. #2: Set a PreACT Goal Score A goal score is simply the score you're aiming to get on test day. Setting a goal score for the PreACT can help you figure out not just what type of score you want to get on it but also what score you’d like to eventually get on the ACT.Remember that the two tests share many similarities, including a nearly identical score range, so whatever goal score you have for the PreACT can also be used for the ACT. But how do you set a goal score? For the ACT and SAT, the easiest way to set a goal score is to first figure out what colleges you want to apply to. You can then look up each school’s average score range for admitted applicants (for either the ACT or SAT). We talk more about how to do this in our guides to setting a goal score for the ACT and SAT. As a 10th grader taking the PreACT, though, you likely haven’t finalized your list of colleges just yet. In this case, the best thing to do is to think about what schools you’re considering applying to, even if you’re not 100% sure you’ll actually apply to them. Once you’ve made a list of schools and put them in a chart, start looking up each school’s average ACT score range for admitted applicants. The reason you’ll use ACT scores instead of PreACT scores here is twofold: Colleges don’t look at PreACT scores at all (only ACT/SAT scores), so there is no PreACT score info you can use for your research The PreACT is extremely similar to the ACT- so much so that one score on one test roughly translates to the same score on the other test To look up a school’s average ACT scores, search for â€Å"[School Name] ACT PrepScholar† on Google. Look for the link to your school in our college database and click it to see the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile ACT scores for that school. Once you’ve filled out your entire chart, look for the highest 75th percentile score in it- this will be your PreACT goal score (as well as your ACT goal score, though this might change as you update and tweak your list of schools). This particular score is your goal score because it's the score most likely to get you accepted to all the schools you're thinking of applying to. #3: Take an Official ACT Practice Test My last piece of advice for your (very light!) PreACT prep plan is to take an official ACT practice test.Unfortunately, there are no official PreACT practice tests currently available.However, since the ACT is so similar to the PreACT, taking a practice ACT should be just as helpful. Just make sure you're aware of the major differences between the two tests. The ACT practice test will be longer and a little more difficultthan the PreACT will be.While this might seem annoying, it's actually a good thing, as it lets you get a better sense of what kinds of questions will be on the ACT. What's more, as a result of challenging yourself, you might score even higher than you thought you would on the PreACT! Another thing to note is how you take the ACT practice test. It's important tomimic actual testing conditions as closely as possible. In other words,take the test in a quiet room, on paper (not on a computer!), and within official ACT time limits. Once finished, score your results. The score you get on the test will be yourbaseline PreACT/ACT score- that is, the score you start with in your ACT prep. You'll use this score, along with your PreACT/ACT goal score, to figure out the number of points you’ll eventually need to improve by in order to hit your ACT target score. Review: When Is the PreACT? Unlike the ACT, there are no PreACT test dates you can choose from. Each school that plans to hold the PreACT chooses when it wants to administer it. Schools may administer the test any time between September 1 and June 1,and most high schoolsadminister it on a school day. Once a school decides when it will administer the PreACT, it will notify students of the opportunity to take it and provide instructions on how to register and pay for the exam. Some schools cover all or part of the PreACT cost, while others don't. The typical cost is $12 per student. Because the PreACT is basically a practice ACT and isn’t used for college admissions, you don’t need to prep too hard for it. (In fact, many students don’t prep at all- this is totally fine!)That said, it doesn’t hurt to do some light prep before you take the PreACT, especially if you’re hoping to eventually get a high score on the ACT as well. For prep, the best steps to take are to learn the format of the PreACT (and ACT), set a combination PreACT/ACT goal score, and take an official ACT practice test to find your baseline score and get a better feel for the test. What’s Next? Got more questions about the PreACT? Our guide covers everything you need to know about the test, including what it is and why it's offered. As you prep for the PreACT, make sure you understand the format of the ACT, too. Knowing this will give you a head start on ACT prep- and possibly a higher PreACT score! Planning to take the SAT instead of the ACT? Then the PSAT will be a better practice test for you. Learn what the PSAT is and get tips on how to prep for it so you can potentially qualify for National Merit! Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Unemployment in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unemployment in UK - Essay Example Unemployment in UK The thing that makes unemployment most dangerous is that it directly affects the growth of a nation and this is becoming evident for UK. United Kingdom, arguably Europe’s most influential country over the history has been dealing with this ailment since the early 1970’s. The unemployment rate in the United Kingdom was last reported as 8.4% in December 2011. (Hamilton) Due to this it is very important to analyze the cause of this mass unemployment in UK, and to find viable solutions to this particular problem. Summary of Articles As proposed by Hamilton, in his article â€Å"U.K. Unemployment Increases as Global Outlook Cut: Economy† published in Business Week (January 18, 2012), mass unemployment in UK touched its zenith in 16 years in November 2011. This was primarily due to Britain’s plunge into recession again. The unemployment rate according to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) rose to a staggering 8.4%, the highest recorded since January 199 6. The number of people attaining jobless benefits rose to a figure of 1.6million. The World Banks’ estimation of global growth has experienced repeated down grades in last three years. The prime reason that has been forwarded by them is a declining state of the UK economy. Since UK is a part of the European Union and enjoys a quite significant status hence the euro-area crisis is being compounded by Prime Minister David Cameron’s budget cuts. This is affecting consumer confidence negatively and will lead to a further loss of employment for about 700000 workers by 2017. As specified by Nida Ali, an economic adviser in the Ernst & Young item club, the future for the labour market is pretty dismal. She even expects the rate of unemployment to rise by another 9.3% in a year. ITEM (Independence Treasury Economic Model) Club acknowledged that Britain has been struck by recession once again and Europe’s incapability to end the crisis of debt had a simultaneous effect on Royal Bank of Scotland group in United Kingdom. It has proposed last week that it will shut down its corporate-finance units and equities that will cut down almost 35000 jobs. Hamilton has also cited the ITEM club regarding the possibility of 600 job cut by â€Å"Premier Foods Plc† to illustrate the grim situation in UK job market. (Hamilton) According to Barrow in his article â€Å"Foreign workers take yet more UK jobs as number of Britons in work plunges and youth unemployment hits 1 million† published in Daily mail UK, a prime reason for unemployment in UK is the increased absorption of foreign workers by the firms belonging to UK instead of own domestic workers. Most of the business entities in UK hire foreign workers and that has left United Kingdom’s unemployment rate at the highest in 17years. The ministers termed this as â€Å"unacceptable†, but the management of the reputed entities in UK pointed out that many young British workers are lazy an d incapable at basic works, which made them to shift towards the foreign workers. As an example, the proportion of foreign workers at a leading firm of plumbers, â€Å"Plimico Plumbers†, has doubled over the past two years because the domestic British workers lack the right work ethics. Furthermore it is often seen that the workers are more interested in real wage than nominal wage courting a fall in their purchasing power. (Barrow) Evaluation & Conclusion It has been specified by Hamilton that the Prime Minister of UK has been administering a budget

Case study of an organization that has experienced or is experiencing Essay

Case study of an organization that has experienced or is experiencing an ethical dilemma - Essay Example And despite the corporation’s attempts to clean up its image in the global marketplace, mostly by launching Fair-trade products in various developed countries, recently Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s reputation was damaged even more by the same morally reprehensible tactics it employed decades ago (Merrett, 2007). Our case study, however, will focus expressly on the controversy which Nestlà © Corporation brought upon itself decades ago in the 1970s by utilizing questionable marketing practices in selling its products to vulnerable mothers in developing nations. These practices grant an ideal opportunity to apply normative ethical theories in an evaluative context. The normative theories of interest here will be those of deontology’s duty-centric approach and utilitarianism’s focus upon happiness satisfaction as the highest degree of moral action. This approach will hopefully reveal the rotten core of Nestlà © Corporation’s past treatment of rational beings; whether or not it is the case that the company has truly changed these methods through time remains for another discussion. The present discussion, by focusing upon deontology and utilitarianism specifically, will examine the Kantian concepts of ends, utilitarian notions of value, and the evident lack of moral content backing Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s actions. Nestlà © Corporation dates back to the mid-19th century when American businessmen joined with Henri Nestlà ©, a food developer, to create what would become the centerpiece of the company. Throughout the remainder of the 19th century, the company would continue to develop ground-breaking food products. Throughout the 20th century, the firm continued to innovate—growing ever larger through acquisitions and mergers. In recent times, Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s line of products has revolved around a wide range of goods, including coffee, water, ice cream, infant foods, seasonings, frozen foods, refrigerated foods, pet foods, and nutritional products (Nestlà © Corporation). The organization’s stated

Woman Rights by Sarah Margaret Fuller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Woman Rights by Sarah Margaret Fuller - Essay Example A woman's place was deeply connected to domestic duties. She was expected to cook and clean the house while tending to children's needs. She was not expected to hold elective offices or make decisions aside from her husband's approval. Moreover, she could claim no rights for children to which she gave birth. A woman's place was simple; she conformed. However, a different breed of woman was on the rise. Sarah Fuller's father instilled a somewhat nonconformist element in her at a very young age. Timothy Fuller, one who revered education, insisted his daughter fulfill a dual role-as caretaker of the household and as an educated individual (Macdonald). Before the age of four, Fuller's father forced her to read. By age eight, Fuller had to get out of bed at 5 a.m. to begin household duties but was not permitted to go to bed until completion of her lessons-which oftentimes was not until 11 p.m. In addition to tending to her six siblings, Fuller maintained the household and diligently studied. Not only did her father instill a love for learning in Fuller, but he also instilled an element not compatible with society's expectations of a woman. On one hand, society granted Fuller the opportunity to grow. She pursued the art of education and displayed her abilities through intellectual exchange with others.

Iranian Nuclear Program and its implications for the stability and Essay

Iranian Nuclear Program and its implications for the stability and security of the Region - Essay Example Iran’s nuclear program began in the 1950s when the United States assisted the Shah to build 20 nuclear power reactors as part of the state’s modernization efforts. In addition to this, research and development efforts were conducted during the Shah’s tenure on fissile material production. But, in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, all nuclear activity was halted. Research and further nuclear development activity resumed in recent years. The Iran-Iraq War was responsible for the re-emergence of an intensified effort to develop nuclear capability. Instead of the benign objectives of the Shah previously, the purpose of the current Iranian nuclear program is in line with the military and defence aims of the state. And, after the Iraqi threat, the nuclear weapons development would later came to be publicly aimed at Israel and the United States. A more sober and conservative analysis of the Iranian objective was laid down by Charles Mayer (2004): As a small status quo state, Iran has no overt military ambitions beyond its borders. Its grand strategy is to foster a Gulf leadership role while providing a credible deterrent to any future attack.

Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Research methods - Essay Example It establishes the role played by advertising in influencing mobile phone preferences by customers. Results showed that gender and age groups were influenced at an equal scale by advertising and distribution of their mobile phone brands. 58% of respondents preferred I-phone brand. Many respondents preferred the functionality and performance aspects when choosing the brand. Information of mobile phones is obtained from the internet but bought from brand stores. Surprisingly many customers do not pay attention to advertising. There is need to place high preference on performance, operation and functionality when selecting mobile phone companies. This is also a clarion call for mobile phone companies to retain their market share by taking positive steps in increasing market share. The relevance of presence and continuity in business by any outfit is to generate sales and profits. Remaining in business is pegged on the ability to produce sufficient sales of products that cover operational costs and post rational profits. To many companies, sales estimate becomes the beginning of profit planning and budgeting (Cannon, 1999). Costs must be determined prior to running production and influencing material purchases. On the customers’ perspective, the optimal choice covers purchasing a product with average costs but maximizes on functionality, operational level and reliability. The regeneration of assorted mobile phone brands in the information and communication industry has created a cut-throat competition among key players, keen on increasing their market share (Dunn, & Barban 1987). With increasing competition, consumers face though choices in identifying their best brand. It becomes necessary that mobile phone manufacturers comprehend the principal issues that can lure the prospective buyers to their brand. By doing so, they can conduct marketing action and planning (Etzel, Walker & Stanton 1997). Nevertheless, in making decisions on

Critically evaluate the role of CO2 as a greenhouse gas in Essay

Critically evaluate the role of CO2 as a greenhouse gas in contributing to global warming - Essay Example Carbon dioxide has internal vibrational modes since it has more than two atoms per molecule thus can absorb and radiate heat thus leading to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide also can stay in the atmosphere for many years unlike water vapor thus acts as a controlling factor of the earth’s surface temperatures (Houghton 2004). Carbon dioxide and global warming Natural gases including oil and coal in automobile engines will raise the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Pepper, Gerba and Brusseau 2006). Farming practices such use of nitrous oxide and deforestation also contributes to emission of carbon dioxide (Maslin 2002). Generally, the sun releases sunlight and heat to the earth’s surface but only 70 percent of the sunlight manages to reach the earth’s surface (Oxlade 2003). The sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere through infrared radiation but the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reflects back the heat to the earth’s surface thus lea ding to global warming (Farrar 2008). Some of the longer wavelengths will be absorbed by the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide thus warming up the atmosphere (Oxlade 2003). The carbon dioxide will act like a mirror by reflecting back to the earth heat energy thus would otherwise be lost in the atmosphere thus leading to global warming. ... The absorption of heat depends on the spectral location (wavelength), the strength and also the shape of each particular line. Suppose the absorption line is an inverted bell-shaped line, the amplitude of the curve or the depth will be determined by the strength of the absorption line and amount of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere (Oxlade 2003). Negative effects of global warming One of the negative impacts of global warming is melting of the polar ice caps that will lead to rise in sea levels. According to Snow data, the absolute melting of all glaciers would raise the sea levels by 230 feet (Farrar 2008). The desalination of the seas will distort the currents that control the sea temperature. The glaciers are white in colour and usually reflect some sunlight thus cooling the earth’s surface. The melting of the ices will also endanger the habitants of some special species thus leading to their extinction (Colls 2004). The increase in global warming will contribute to intense droughts and heat waves especially in dry areas such as Africa (Farrar 2008). Global warming will also lead to warmer seas thus leading to disasters like strong hurricanes that can lead to lose of lives and property especially in coastline areas (Wang, Pereira and Hung 2004). Increase in the warming will lead to migration of insects thus leading to spread of diseases by the disease carrying insects especially in Northern countries (Williams 2002). The species in arctic areas, mountains and tropical seas will migrate thus spreading diseases (Farrar 2008). The United Kingdom reduced the six greenhouse gases covered by Kyoto protocol by 549.3 million tones of carbon dioxide in 2011. Carbon dioxide alone accounted for 84 percent of the UK greenhouse emissions in 2010. The carbon

Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Research methods - Essay Example It establishes the role played by advertising in influencing mobile phone preferences by customers. Results showed that gender and age groups were influenced at an equal scale by advertising and distribution of their mobile phone brands. 58% of respondents preferred I-phone brand. Many respondents preferred the functionality and performance aspects when choosing the brand. Information of mobile phones is obtained from the internet but bought from brand stores. Surprisingly many customers do not pay attention to advertising. There is need to place high preference on performance, operation and functionality when selecting mobile phone companies. This is also a clarion call for mobile phone companies to retain their market share by taking positive steps in increasing market share. The relevance of presence and continuity in business by any outfit is to generate sales and profits. Remaining in business is pegged on the ability to produce sufficient sales of products that cover operational costs and post rational profits. To many companies, sales estimate becomes the beginning of profit planning and budgeting (Cannon, 1999). Costs must be determined prior to running production and influencing material purchases. On the customers’ perspective, the optimal choice covers purchasing a product with average costs but maximizes on functionality, operational level and reliability. The regeneration of assorted mobile phone brands in the information and communication industry has created a cut-throat competition among key players, keen on increasing their market share (Dunn, & Barban 1987). With increasing competition, consumers face though choices in identifying their best brand. It becomes necessary that mobile phone manufacturers comprehend the principal issues that can lure the prospective buyers to their brand. By doing so, they can conduct marketing action and planning (Etzel, Walker & Stanton 1997). Nevertheless, in making decisions on

Discussion feedback Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion feedback - Assignment Example They are directly responsible for meeting the development schedules according to the need and demand of the design and technical specifications. A technical leader should possess the three basic KSAs that include technical independence, technology influence and technology initiative. Many people and experts feel that there is a strong link and dependency between science and technology. It is arguable that one can exist without the other. Explain in detail and provide your perspective with practical examples of why you feel there is or is not a connection between science and technology. Ans. Science and technology are evolving rapidly. They are developing new revolutions between different inventions and technological designs. Usually, the solution to one’s technological problem is found in the invention of other. Science and technology are interdependent on one another. Discovery in one field promotes and explores new ways and techniques in another field. There are a number of factors and precautions that need to be considered when developing and introducing new technologies to the marketplace. This is especially the case when this could be a technology without a known history. One specific consideration is around ethics such as the impact on people and the environment. What are some common ethical challenges, issues and dilemmas encountered when creating and commercializing a new technology? Describe in detail and provide an example of each type (challenges, issues and dilemmas) for both the development and introduction process. Ans. Different ethical challenges arise when a new technology is created and commercialized. Some of the issues or ethical dilemmas revolve around financial development and fulfilling the short/long term goals. All around the world issue of privacy has been the greatest ethical dilemma for healthcare sector to maintain the privacy of the patient and his family in a

Lifestyle Causes of Disease

Lifestyle Causes of Disease In this world whether from developed, developing and underdeveloped countries, there is no doubt that most of the people is experiencing illness and diseases. The major leading causes of illnesses are their lifestyle and standard of living. Some people argue that individuals should be responsible for their health while others argue that the government are the one who is accountable for health. In this paragraph, it tackles the insights on who need to be a liable for health, may it be social, personal and environment. Moreover, it gives the impact of the said issue on international and national policy. Also, it will discuss the justification of each solutions or intervention to address the balance responsibility for healthcare between society and family. The leading factors for the lifestyle diseases are as follows: first is high blood pressure. It is also known as hypertension. It does increase the risk for heart attack or stroke to most have this case. When a person has hypertension, usually it has no signs. That is why people should have a regular check-up of their blood pressure. The only way to know if a person is experiencing a high blood pressure is having it always high for a very long time like for three months. The causes for this illness are unknown but there is a study that it runs in the families or known as hereditary. Occasionally, glandular and kidney diseases are responsible for this. Second is tobacco use. It is considered to be common throughout the globe. It contains a raw material which has an addictive ingredient like nicotine. It is one of the most leading factor for lots of chronic diseases such as cancer, lung related diseases and cardiovascular too. As to this a number of countries are now restricting tobacc o use, regulating people who can only buy and where can they smoke. Third is unsafe sex. It is also known as unprotected sex where describe as having sex without condom. As a result of this, HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI) can occur. Globally, the number of people getting infected with this is increasing every year. That is why using condom is important and it is effective way for preventing STI, AIDS and HIV which can be passed on during sex. Fourth is alcohol use. In order for people to socialise with others, drinking with them is way to know them. However, drinking regularly in high amount can cause lots of health conditions. These alcohol related problems are liver disease, cancer, malnutrition, impotence, infertility, nerve damage, stroke, addiction and worst is death. Fifth is obesity. Obese is defined as accumulation of too much fat inside the body and it has a negative effect on one persons health. If the person BMI is more than to its normal by 30%, it is cons idered to be obese. As to this, high number of health risk can be identified like osteoarthritis or bone degeneration, coronary heart disease, gall bladder disease, high blood pressure, respiratory problems, sleep apnoea, stroke and diabetes. Last is cancer. It is the abnormal cell growth inside the body. There are 100 types of different cancer. It harms the body wherein the damaged cells are dividing uncontrollably which forms masses and lumps except for leukaemia. These masses interferes system in our body like the circulatory, cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory system. Some of the tumours are benign but some of them turn out to be malignant, which is more dangerous to one person’s health. Consequently, countries are spending a lot of money on healthcare costs and expenditure. Since the lifestyle of a person is interrelated with the diseases, there is a question of should an individual be held responsible for their health related choices? So it is been concluded that there is a relationship between the lifestyle of a person to the diseases they are suffering and also the expenditure in the healthcare. Through this, in medical and economic point of view, individuals are morally responsible for their health related choices. However, lots of people are objecting with this idea. People are objecting with several reasons. First, there will be a conflict between individuals who are entirely responsible for their health and also the responsibility of medicine to treat people. Also, there will be a conflict between the society’s obligations to look after the vulnerable people. Second, it is not fair for individuals to be responsible for their health if they themselves cannot make a good health related choices due to addictive behaviour, ignorance, mental incapability and also peer pressure. Third, it will be extremely difficult for people to implement a system that they are totally responsible for their health to think that some people acquire disease through environmental and hereditary factors. Although, it is vital for individuals to be responsible for their health, they should not be obliged to be entirely responsible for it as it is unreachable and impossible to be done. Furthermore, the government and other healthcare providers should also be there to help the society to give full awareness of health and diseases and on how to maintain health and prevent certain illnesses. There are several ways and method on how the government, public and private healthcare sectors on how to promote health and prevent diseases. Fist is through sanitation, which defines as the safe disposal of human waste may it be urine and faeces. Also, it is known as the maintenance of proper hygiene such as rubbish collection and water waste disposal. Second is pollution control which encompasses the air, water and land. However there is an argument on how control should be done and how much control that is needed. The pollution control or the â€Å"command and control† mechanism increases the expenditure in this strategy thus making it slow to achieve a cleaner environment. Third is food and drug safety, wherein to promote and protect health FDA or the Food and Drug Administration is responsible for this. Fourth is the health education. This is also important as it increases the awareness of the public with regards of health and safety. Fifth is disease surveillance wherein the spread of a certain disease is being monitored, observed, examined and supervise to know the patterns of its progression. Also, it observes, predicts and minimizes the harm that it may cause to the public. Sixth is urban planning which ensures the development of the communities such as in transportation, infrastructures and distribution networks. It needs thorough research, planning, analysis, management, implementation and recommendation from the government. Last one is occupational health and safety which targets the safety, health and welfare of the employees or people in the workplaces. Since there are several different methods on how the society can address the health, unfortunately resources are undoubtedly limited. As a result, there is a question of where should the society needs to invest first? Also, which sectors need the most financial aids? As the promotion of healthcare for the society is very important role of the government, they should consider the prioritization method which needs a greater emphasis on delivering healthcare. There are several sectors that need to prioritize first and less emphasize on access to healthcare. First is the prevention campaign. This includes the health education in public, pollution control, pesticide or chemical regulation, food and drug safety, disease surveillance and occupational health. There is a saying that â€Å"prevention is better than cure†. So it is believe that the government should invest the money on the said different prevention of the disease than treatment. Also, everyone can be benefitted from these services like clean water and air, safe food, sanitation, urban planning, control of pest and pesticides and disaster preparedness. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of these services is very important in consideration in healthcare and social policy. Moreover, there are also some drawbacks on having these strategies. First is that, one of its problems with having social responsibility for health, there is a tendency that it may encourage individuals to take less responsibility of their health. People might go dependent on those services. On the other hand, some healthcare services or health promotion can empower the individuals to look after their own health. For example, sex education, which gives every individual a knowledge on how to avoid sexually transmitted diseases. Urban planning can also give them healthy choices with regards to workplace, transportation and recreation. In conclusion, every individual and society itself has its own responsibility to take into account in which they live in. People should know how to look after their health and should also pay for their healthcare costs. People should not be also dependent on the amenities that the public services are offering. While the government and other healthcare services should not stop helping the community in health promotion and prevention for the welfare and development of the society. As to the national and international policy, these strategies are considered to be a big help as it is cost effective and easy to implement than building healthcare infrastructures which are costly and expensive.

The Rights to Bear Arms Essay -- Bill Rights second amendment Constitu

The Rights to Bear Arms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gun control is a very controversial issue among society at present. Many feel guns are the cause of a great amount of crime. This has been an especially popular topic recently in lieu of the shooting at Columbine and other high schools across the country. Are these crimes reason to take away our freedom to bear arms? I do not believe so. The average person uses guns mainly as a means of protection. If limitations are placed on guns, they will only stop the average American from obtaining a gun. The real criminals out there will still be able to obtain guns through the black market. Every American should have the right to protect them self. The second amendment to the constitution of the United States says, â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.†1 This amendment enforced a practice that had been occurring in America for years. When the constitution was forming, there was not a large standing army. Many inhabitants were minutemen, who needed a gun to help protect society; this is why the militia was mentioned in the amendment. The militia clause is merely a rationale for preserving the right.1 Even if today's well-regulated militia were the National Guard, the Second Amendment still protects an individual right to keep and bear arms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people feel this amendment should be changed, or more restrictions should be placed on people who want to purchase guns. Some believe that guns hurt more than they help, even though statistics prove otherwise. I feel that guns are not as big of a threat to society as people are lead to believe, mainly by the media. Fatal gun accidents declined by almost sixty percent from 1975 to 1995, even though the number of guns per capita increased by almost forty percent.2 The cart below shows that a number of crimes have started decreasing, even though sales in guns has increased. Recently, the media has shown many incidents of shootings in schools. This is nothing new, as the media makes it out to be. Schools have had trouble with crime for many years. Years ago metal detectors were installed in schools across the nation to stop violence in schools. These detectors were placed because there was a problem in the past. Crime related to guns has, in fact, gone down. The reality does not... ...were to happen here. Although we are a democracy, as more freedoms are taken away, we move farther and farther away from the very idea of America. The history of mankind has many examples of what happens when the state becomes too powerful and there is no check on it by an armed population.5 It is impossible for the government to control the sales of gun through the black market, which provides these dangerous weapons to murders and drug dealers. Shouldn’t it be the government’s duty to allow the average law abiding citizen to protect them self. Bibliography Bieber, James D. The Right to Keep and Bear Arms. http://www.yaf.com/philosophy.html Gun Accidents. http://www.guncite.com/gun_control_gcgvacci.html. 2/13/2000. Illinois State Firearm Laws. http://nraila.org/research/19990716-BillofRightsCivilRights-015.html. September 1997. Larson, Erik. "The Story of a Gun", The Atlantic Monthly. January 1993. Origional Intent and Purpose of the Second Amendment. http://www.guncite.com/gc2ndpur.html, 1/12/2000. Schools and Gun Violence. http://www.guncite.com/gun_control_gcgvscho.html. 6/13/199 Second Amendment Stuff. http://secondamendmentstuff.com/. 1/16/2000

The Maturation of Tom Sawyer :: Adventures Tom Sawyer Essays

The Maturation of Tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer, a mischievous, brave, and daring boy that goes through adventures in love, murder, and treasure. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is about a boy maturing from a whimsical troublemaker into a caring young man. In the "conclusion" Mark Twain writes, "It being strictly a history of a boy, it must stop here; the story could not go much farther without becoming a history of a man" Tom is now maturing throughout a span of adventures in love, treasure, and everyday life that make him more of an adult, then a boy. Tom's acts in love are childish and immature. At first, Tom's love for Becky Thatcher is just a crush. He tells Becky about his "marriage" to Amy and it starts a fight. After that, they both play a game of "hard to get". After this, Tom is too proud to apologize. Also, Tom makes good decisions. First, when Becky accidentally rips Mr. Dobbins' book a, Tom takes the blame, and this ends their feud. Another mature event takes place in McDougal's cave. When Tom and Becky are in the cave, they become lost. Then Tom takes responsibility for himself and Becky's life. These events are part of becoming a young man. At the beginning of the treasure hunt, it was fun, now it takes maturity. One mature act is when Tom and Huck stay close with Injun Joe to catch him. Also Huck is maturing when he decides that he must go for help because he over heard Injun Joe's plans for Window Douglas. On the immature side, when Tom and Huck realize that Injun Joe, the murderer, has the treasure, they aren't mature enough to get adult help. They feel that they're strong enough to handle it. The treasure hunt is a controversial adventure that Tom endures. Tom can now start to show his maturity everywhere, including at home. In the beginning, Tom is running from Aunt Polly's punishments, hurries through chores, and plays hooky from school. When he convinces kids to do his job of whitewash the fence for him, it shows immaturity. Also when he runs away from home to the island, he doesn't leave a note.

Micronutrient Chart Essay

Complete the table below. For each micronutrient listed, describe its function and identify common food sources. Then, review your Personal One-Day Intake Log and identify foods that provide substantial amounts of micronutrients. You do not need to identify every micronutrient found in every piece of food. List those foods in the My Food Choices column corresponding to the micronutrients they contain. Please answer each of the following questions with a maximum of 200 words. 1. What micronutrients are missing from your diet? What foods, that you enjoy, could you eat to supply these nutrients? 2. Micronutrient deficiencies can have many negative effects on your health. What long-term effects can you anticipate if your current deficiencies continue? General Questions – General General Questions Resources: iProfile and WileyPLUS ® Read the instructions in the University of Phoenix Material: Micronutrient and Fast Food Presentation located on the student website to complete this assignment.   If you are having trouble making friends on campus, get involved in a club or two. Find any organized activity that you are interested in, and you will automatically be spending time with other students who share at least one of your passions. It can be helpful to have friends who are fellow students but not your immediate classmates. This archive file of SCI 220 Micronutrient Chart comprises: Complete the table below. For each micronutrient listed, describe its function and identify common food sources. Then, review your Personal One-Day Intake Log and identify foods that provide substantial amounts of  micronutrients. You do not need to identify every micronutrient found in every piece of food. List those foods in the My Food Choices column corresponding to the micr†¦ Click this link Now for Complete Course – https://bitly.com/12C5XsD If you are having trouble making friends on campus, get involved in a club or two. Find any organized activity that you are interested in, and you will automatically be spending time with other students who share at least one of your passions. It can be helpful to have friends who are fellow students but not your immediate classmates. General Questions – General General Questions Resources: iProfile and WileyPLUS ® Read the instructions in the University of Phoenix Material: Micronutrient and Fast Food Presentation located on the student website to complete this assignment.

Early History of Flight

AIR TRANSPORTATION Early History of Flight: Around 400 BC – Flight in China †¢ The discovery of the kite that could fly in the air by the Chinese started humans thinking about flying. †¢ Kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders. Hero and the Aeolipile †¢ The ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked with air pressure and steam to create sources of power. One experiment that he developed was the aeolipile which used jets of steam to create rotary motion. 1485 The Ornithopter and the Study of Flight †¢ Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480's.He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on bird and mechanical flight. The drawings illustrated the wings and tails of birds, ideas for man carrying machines, and devices for the testing of wings. 1783-The Flight of the First Hot Air Balloon †¢ The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfi er, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. †¢ They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air. †¢ In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck.It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than one mile. †¢ The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. 1799-1850's-Gliders †¢ Sir George Cayley is considered the â€Å"FATHER OF AERODYNAMICS†.. †¢ Cayley experimented with wing design, distinguished between lift and drag, and formulated the concepts of vertical tail surfaces, steering rudders, rear elevators, and air screws. †¢ Cayley designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body to control.A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of Ca yley's gliders, the first glider capable of carrying a human. 1891 Otto Lilienthal †¢ German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, studied aerodynamics and worked to design a glider that would fly. Otto Lilienthal was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances. 1891 Aerodrome †¢ Samuel Langley was physicist and astronomer who realized that power was needed to help man fly. †¢ He built a model of a plane, which he called an aerodrome that included a steam-powered engine.In 1891, his model flew for 3/4s of a mile before running out of fuel. †¢ It was too heavy to fly and it crashed. He was very disappointed. He gave up trying to fly. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider 1894 Octave Chanute †¢ Octave Chanute was a successful engineer who undertook the invention of airplanes as a hobby, after being inspired by Otto Lilienthal. †¢ Chanute designed several aircraft, th e Herring – Chanute biplane was his most successful design and formed the basis of the Wright biplane design. MAN’S FIRST SUCCESFUL FLIGHT: 903- The Wright Brothers †¢ Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright was very deliberate in their quest for flight. †¢ The Wright Brothers designed and used a wind tunnel to test the shapes of the wings and the tails of the gliders. After they found a glider shape that consistently would fly in the tests in the North Carolina Outer Banks dunes, then they turned their attention to how to create a propulsion system that would create the lift needed to fly. †¢ The â€Å"Flyer† lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, at 10:35 a. m. , on December 17, 1903.Orville piloted the plane which weighed six hundred and five pounds. †¢ The first heavier-than-air flight traveled 120 ft. in 12 seconds. The two brothers took turns during the test flights. It was Orville's turn to test the plane, so he is the brother that is credited with the first flight. †¢ In 1904, the first flight lasting more than five minutes took place on November 9. The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright. †¢ In 1908, passenger flight took a turn for the worse when the first fatal air crash occurred on September 17. †¢ Orville Wright was piloting the plane.Orville Wright survived the crash, but his passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, did not. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with them since May 14, 1908. TYPES OF AIRPLANE ENGINES TURBOJET ENGINE †¢ The basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple. Air taken in from an opening in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original pressure in compressor. †¢ The turbojet engine is a reaction engine. In a reaction engine, expanding gases push hard against the front of the engine TURBOPROP ENGINE (Turbo propeller Engine) A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller. The turb ine at the back is turned by the hot gases, and this turns a shaft that drives the propeller. †¢ Some small airliners and transport aircraft are powered by turboprops. †¢ Engines featuring such propellers are called prop fans. †¢ Hungarian, Gyorgy Jendrassik who worked for the Ganz wagon works in Budapest designed the very first working turboprop engine in 1938. Called the Cs-1, Jendrassik's engine was first tested in August of 1940; the Cs-1 was abandoned in 1941 without going into production due to the War. Max Mueller designed the first turboprop engine that went into production in 1942. TURBOFAN RNGINE †¢ A turbofan engine has a large fan at the front, which sucks in air. †¢ Most of today's airliners are powered by turbofans. In a turbojet all the air entering the intake passes through the gas generator, which is composed of the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. TURBO SHAFT ENGINE †¢ It does not drive a propeller. Instead, it provides pow er for a helicopter rotor. †¢ The turbo shaft engine is designed so that the speed of the helicopter rotor is independent of the rotating speed of the gas generator.RAMJET ENGINE †¢ The speed of the jet â€Å"rams† or forces air into the engine. It is essentially a turbojet in which rotating machinery has been omitted. †¢ A ramjet vehicle requires some form of assisted takeoff, such as another aircraft. It has been used primarily in guided-missile systems. Space vehicles use this type of jet. PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 1. Fuselage- The body of the plane. It is generally a long tube shape 2. Landing gear- The wheels of a plane. ?    – There are two main wheels on either side of the plane fuselage.Then there is one more wheel near the front of the plane. The brakes for the wheels are like the brakes for cars. They are operated by pedals, one for each wheel. Most landing gear can be folded into the fuselage during the flight and opened for l anding. 3. Wings- The wings are shaped with smooth surfaces. There is a curve to the wings which helps push the air over the top more quickly than it goes under the wing. ?      Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The shape of the wings determines how fast and high the plane can fly. ?      Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Wings are called airfoils. 4.Flaps- slide back and down to increase the surface of the wing area. -They also tilt down to increase the curve of the wing. 5. Slats- move out from the front of the wings to make the wing space larger. This helps to increase the lifting force of the wing at slower speeds like takeoff and landing. 6. Ailerons- are hinged on the wings and move downward to push the air down and make the wing tilt up. This moves the plane to the side and helps it turn during flight. 7. Spoilers- after landing, the spoilers are used like air brakes to reduce any remaining lift and slow down the airplane.REGIMES OF FLIGHT †¢ Ranges of speed defined relative to the local speed of sound. 1. SUBSO NIC †¢ this category contains most of the commercial jets that are used today to move passengers and cargo. †¢ the speed is just below the speed of sound as 350-750 miles per hour. †¢ engines today are lighter and more powerful and can travel quickly with large loads of people and goods. 2. SUPERSONIC †¢ 760 MPH is the speed of sound. †¢ These planes can fly up to 5 times   the speed of sound. Planes in this regime have specially designed high performance engines. They are also designed in lightweight materials to provide less drag. †¢ The first powered aircraft to explore this regime was the Bell X-1A, in 1947. †¢ The wings of supersonic fighters are swept in planform to reduce drag. †¢ President Kennedy- in 1963 he proposed the supersonic plane as a national priority. †¢ UNITED STATES- gave up its first attempts to produce a supersonic transport (SST) for commercial used after spending 1 billion dollars in development. †¢ TU-144- supersonic version of Russian but it has been plagued with economic and safety problems. †¢ CONCORDE- British/French version of SST has a cruising speed of 1,458 miles per hour at an altitude of 50,000-60,000 feet, which takes it out of the more heavily traveled subsonic jets levels of 30,000-40,000 feet. -it needs speeds of200-215 knots to take off, as compared with 165 knots for subsonic. Supersonic Transport problems: †¢ it seats only 105 passengers. †¢ fuel consumption is 2-3 times that of a subsonic. †¢ The range is less that 4,000 miles. Advantages of Concorde: †¢ 80% are business travelers †¢ cabin is pressurized to 5,000 feet instead of to about 7,000 feet as in subsonic jets. †¢ air conditioning balances the humidity, which makes colds. Even though the SST has proved economically unfeasible mostly because of its small pay load. ? Air travel changes will probably call for an improved version, one of that can carry at least 250 passengers a nd have a 7500 mile range. ? That kind of plane would be a boon for pacific basin travel, where current flight times are nine to thirteen hours. 3. HYPERSONIC †¢ 3500-7000 MPH speed of sound. †¢ Rockets travel at speeds 5 to 10 times the speed of sound as they go into orbit. †¢ In the 1970s, the term generally came to refer to speeds of Mach 5 (5 times the speed of sound) and above.The hypersonic regime is a subset of the supersonic regime. †¢ Large variations in air density and pressure occur because of shock waves, and expansions 4. TRANSONIC †¢ Transonic is an aeronautics term referring to a range of velocities just below and above the speed of sound (about mach 0. 8–1. 2). It is defined as the range of speeds between the critical Mach number. †¢ Most modern jet powered aircraft spend a considerable amount of time in the transonic state. This is particularly important due to an effect known as wave drag, which is prevalent in these speed range s. Severe instability can occur at transonic speeds. Shock waves move through the air at the speed of sound. THE NEWEST PLANES †¢ Boeing 747-400- the newest of the long range jets. ?   >can carry 410 passengers and has a range 0f 8,800 miles †¢ MD-11 -McDonnell Douglas newest jets. ? > MD-11 can carry 405 passengers. ? -Both planes are being built to test the traveler’s capacity to sit in one seat for a                                     marathon 16plus hours, extending over 7,000 to 8,000 miles. 1987- Europe and its Airbus Industry had put about 15 billion on the line to produce a: JUNIOR JUMBO -the airbus A-340,   -a 275-seater with a range about 8,000 miles? -greater flight frequencies because of faster loading and deplaning of passengers. Aircraft Footprint- is the distance from the takeoff point to the point   at which the plane is no longer significantly audible. N. V Fokker- a smaller aircraft contender. ?-are fuel-efficient and require small cockpit crews. FREEDOMS OF THE AIR First Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to fly across its territory without landing (also known as a First Freedom Right).Second Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in its territory for non-traffic purposes (also known as a Second Freedom Right). Third Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier (also known as a Third Freedom Right).Fourth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the terr itory of the first State, traffic destined for the home State of the carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right). Fifth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State (also known as a Fifth Freedom Right).ICAO characterizes all â€Å"freedoms† beyond the Fifth as â€Å"so-called† because only the first five â€Å"freedoms† have been officially recognized as such by international treaty. Sixth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between two other States (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right). The so-called Sixth Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air se rvice agreements such as the â€Å"Five Freedoms Agreement†.Seventh Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State, i. e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier.Eighth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a Eighth Freedom Right or â€Å"consecutive cabotage†).Ninth F reedom of The Air – the right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed entirely within the territory of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or â€Å"stand alone† cabotage). GOVERNMENT AGENCIES †¢ INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) o Is an international industry trade group of airlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. o IATA was formed IATA was formed in April 1945, in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the world's first international scheduled services.Functions: ? To the member airlines- it provides solutions to problems beyond the resources of any single airline. ? To the government- it is the medium of negotiation for international fares and agreements. ? To the traveling public- it ensures the traveling public safe and efficient operations of all the airlines, proper business practice by the airlines and travel agents. ? Clears financial balance between airlines and charges between tickets. ? Caters ground holding ? Performs maintenance service ? Handles aircraft leasing projects ? Promotes worldwide air travel safety Regulate the shipping of dangerous goods INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) ? An agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of Montreal, Canada. Functions: ? Adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation. ? Prevention of unlawful interference ? Facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. Defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, commonl y known as the Chicago Convention CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD (CAB) ? Agency charged with the power to regulate the economic aspect of air transportation in the Philippines. Functions: ? Licensing of domestic and international airlines. ? Regulation of fares and rates for the carriage of person s and property. ? Enforcement of the economic provision of R. A. 776. ? Authorization of navigation of foreign aircraft in the Philippines. Participation in the negotiation of air agreements covering exchange of air rights. ? Suggest corrective to improve safety in air commerce. ? Assure protection of the public by requiring the performance of safe and adequate air service, eliminating rate discrimination, unfair competition and deceptive practices in air transportation. Air Transportation Office (ATO) ? The Philippines' Air Transportation Office (Filipino: Tanggapan ng Transportasyong Himpapawid), abbreviated as ATO, is responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, econ omic and efficient air travel.FUNCTIONS: ? Establish and prescribe rules and regulations for the inspection and registration of all aircraft owned and operated in the Philippines and all air facilities; ? Establish and prescribe the corresponding rules and regulations for the enforcement of ? Determine, fix and/or prescribe charges and/or rates pertinent to the operation of public air utility facilities and services; ? Administer and operate the Civil Aviation Training Center (CATC); ? Operate and maintain national airports, air navigation and other similar facilities in compliance to ICAO; ?Perform such other powers and functions as may be prescribed by law. PHILIPPINE AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (PADC) ? The corporation undertakes business and development activities for the establishment of reliable aviation and aerospace industry. ? It engages in design, manufacture and scale of all forms of aircrafts. ? It develops local capabilities in maintenance, repair and modification of equipment related to air flight. ? It operates on air transport service for domestic and international flights. ? Head: Reynato R. Jose FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA) It concentrates on passenger safety, aircraft certification to meet safety standards, pilot licensing and air traffic control. ? Also responsible for investigation of aircraft accident. ? 1958- FAA became independent MANILA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY (MIAA) ? This government agency is in charge of operating and maintaining airport facilities in the Mactan International Airport. ? As with MIAA, MCIAA is responsible for keeping Mactan airport in tip-toe shape to ensure its competitiveness as a trade and tourist gateway to Visayas Island group. It implements airport rules, provides airport safety and security needs. ? Under operations are international and domestic operations and maintenance, fire fighting and rescue and electrical and mechanical services. ? Head: Gen. Mgr. Alfonso U. Alerre INTERNATIONAL AIR CHARTER ASSOCIATION (IACA) ? Trade association of supplemental and charter airlines. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) ? The role of NASA is aeronautical research. ? They achieve world leadership in space technology and exploration. LOCAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM LIST OF AIRLINES IN THE PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINE AIRLINES ? It is the national airline of the Philippines. ? The first airline in Asia and the oldest of those currently in operation. ? Makati City: headquarters ? Flies both domestic and international ? Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Paranaque City: main hub. ? China Airlines and Japan Airlines: principal Asian competitors. ? IATA: PR HISTORY: ? February 1941: established ? Started by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano. ? March 1941: started its operation with a single Beech Model 18 aircraft making one flight daily between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio. In July 1941, a chartered DC-4 ferried carried 40 American servicemen to Californ ia, making Pal the first airline to cross the Pacific. ? December 1941, started regular service between Manila and San Francisco.? INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS: ? Pal has 21 crash records ? Last one being in 1999 and most of them being in its earlier years. ? Philippine Airlines Flight 812 was a scheduled passenger flight from Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City to Ninoy Aquino International Airport near Manila.On May 25, 2000, an Airbus A330-301 operating on the route was hijacked by a man later identified as Reginald Chua, just before the airplane was about to land. The flight carried 278 passengers and 13 crew members. AIR PHILIPPINES ? It is an airline registered in the Philippines. ? Primarily focuses on the domestic low-cost market. ? IATA: 2P ? ICAO: GAP ? Call sign: Orient Pacific History: ? February 13, 1995: was incorporated. ? Subic: base operations. ? February 1, 1996: started its flight operations with a Boeing737-200 between Subic, Iloilo and Zamboanga.ASIA N SPIRIT ? An airline based in the Philippines that usually flies routes not serviced by major airlines such as Philippine Airlines. ? The Philippines’ youngest airline. ? Based in Manila. ? Founded in 1996 by the Airline Employees Cooperative. ? IATA: 6K ? ICAO: RIT ? Call sign: Asian Spirit CEBU PACIFIC ? One of the newest airline companies operating in the Philippines. ? The country's 2nd largest airline after Philippine Airlines ? Cebu: headquarters ? March 8, 1996: first flight ? Started with 24 flights daily among Manila, Cebu and Davao. By 2000’s, was able to operate international flights to the countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea and the dependency of Guam. ? IATA: 5J ? ICAO: CEB ? Call sign: Cebu Air PACIFIC EAST ASIA CARGO LINES ? Is a cargo airline based in the Philippines ? IATA: Q8 ? ICAO: PEC PACIFICAIR ? Pacificair ( Pacific Airways Corporation ) is an airline based in Manila, Philippines. ? Established: 1947 ? Operates sch eduled passenger flights, air taxi services, and is involved in agricultural work. ? IATA: GX ? ICAO: PFR ? Call sign: Pacific West