Gogol’s Namesake Essay

Immigrants moving to the United States are faced with the pressing question of whether or not to assimilate into American culture. Many of those involved in diasporic situations feel that adapting to the social norms of their new surroundings is an act of betraying their roots in which their heritage and all preexisting traditions will be lost. Jhumpa Lahiri’s novel The Namesake highlights this struggle through the eyes of the Ganguli family. The novel ultimately shows us that one can simultaneously belong to two cultures, in this case Indian and American culture. Many scholars are hung up on the fact that protagonist Gogol must belong to one culture or the other. Heinze’s â€Å"Diasporic Overcoat?† suggests that Gogol puts on an â€Å"overcoat† through the switching of his name to represent the switching of his identity across various relationships and social situations. In doing so, he says â€Å"by implication one is never totally free of an overcoat, there is no such thing as a pristine and authentic identity†¦ (Heinze 197-198)† This quote demonstrates Heinze taking a stand and stating that there is no fixed identity. I suggest that Gogol does indeed obtain a national and cultural identity. The characterization of Gogol’s identity can be viewed as a spectrum that is continuously changing. At one end of the spectrum is his Indian cultural identity and the other is his American. At different points in his life Gogol has different degrees of American and Indian cultures present within him. So rather than arguing Gogol has no set identity, instead his identity is classified by his movement along his hybrid cultural spectrum. Other scholars that write on the issues of cultural hybridity focus on the idea that the person involved in diasporic situations are caught some where between their two given cultures. The author of an article applying concepts of cultural hybridity in music, particularly Arabian Jazz states that those with hybrid identities create a new â€Å"imagined community’ in which cultures may interact and influence each other in a state of co-existence and a â€Å"third space† is created. He defines this third space as â€Å"the inter- the cutting edge of translation and negotiation, the in between space that carries the burden of the meaning of culture† (Al-Joulan 640). Rather than being part of one culture or the other he is saying that identity of ones culture is defined as being in this third space. For the sake of my argument Gogol’s third space is the area on between his Indian culture and American culture. Gogol’s position in his third space changes at  different points in the novel. Gogol’s birth not only marks the start of his life but it also marks the start of his movement away from the Indian side of his hybrid cultural spectrum. Although it is clear the presented naming process for the Ganguli baby is one that typically appeals to Bengali tradition, American pressures results in the vanishing of those traditions. â€Å"Ashima’s grandmother has mailed the letter herself, walking with her cane to the post office, her first trip out of the house in a decade. The letter contains one name for a girl, one for a boy. Ashima’s grandmother has revealed them to no one.† (25) This quote indicates the importance of naming in Bengali tradition, particularly done by an elder in the family. The fact that the grandmother is leaving the house for the first time in ten years to personally see the letter off shows it is of great importance. However, when the letter does not arrive in time, his parents fail to name him according to Bengali tradition. â€Å"For they learn that in America, a baby cannot be released from the hospital without a birth certificate. And that a birth certificate needs a name.† (27) The Ganguli’s must abide to American laws even if it means abandoning essential Bengali traditions and we see young Gogol’s position on the spectrum of two cultures sway away from his â€Å"Indian-ness.† Perhaps this is Lahiri’s way of communicating to her audience that sacrifices must be made in order to establish a hybrid cultural identity. During the infancy stage of Gogol’s life another series of events instills his divergence from the Indian side of his identity spectrum. The Ganguli’s invite their Bengali friends over in celebration of Gogol’s first consumption of solid food. Gogol is also offered a number of items to represent what profession he will grow to attain. â€Å"Gogol frowns, and his lower lip trembles. Only then, forced at six months to confront his destiny, does he begin to cry.† (40) This quote demonstrates how Gogol’s refusal to participate in traditional Indian rituals, begins at an early age. He does not reach for any of the items symbolizing his rejection of Indian culture ultimately pushing him further towards American assimilation. Throughout adolescence and early adulthood Gogol’s movement along the spectrum continues away from the Indian side. During this stage in his life the movement is represented through the rejection of his name to mimic his rejection of his Bengali heritage. Despite the fact that the pet name given  to him at birth is in fact a Russian name, the concept of having a pet name and good name all together is the â€Å"Bengali way† and not typical for Americans. We see this in Gogol’s petition to his parents to change his name when he asks â€Å"Why do I have a pet name in the first place? I don’t get it†(Lahiri 99). His mother responds simply with â€Å"It’s our way, Gogol. It’s what Bengali’s do†(Lahiri 99). When Gogol is asked by his new college suitemate whether Gogol is his first name or last name, he gives a new answer that is of great significance. â€Å"Normally that question agitates him. But today he has a new answer. ‘Actually, that’s my middle name,’ Gogol says by way of explanation, sitting with them in the common room to their suite. ‘Nikhil is my first name. It got left out for some reason’†(Lahiri 103). We know this statement is false due to the fact that in a previous passage of the novel Gogol’s mother explains to his principle that he does not have a middle name at all, he has a good name and a pet name. In Judith Caesar’s article about Gogol’s namesake she says, â€Å"Although Nikhil is an Indian name, it enables him to try on a sophisticated identity he thinks he wants, sexy, cool, ‘normal’†(Caesar 110). I believe what Caesar is referring to as â€Å"normal† is in fact â€Å"more American†. Making the claim that Gogol is his middle name marks his attempt at appearing like a typical American kid with a first, middle, and last name. In essence he is rejecting his pet name to represent the rejection of his Indian heritage. Conversely the acceptance of this so-called â€Å"middle name† represents his acceptance of American culture continuing his movement away from the Indian side of the spectrum. It is not until the adulthood stage in Gogol’s life that he comes full circle and begins his movement in the other direction, back towards the Indian side of his hybrid cultural identity spectrum. The first way in which he does this is through the development of his relationship with Moushumi. Moushumi, being a childhood family friend also of Bengali heritage, first met Gogol as Gogol rather than Nikhil. It is â€Å"the first time he’s been out with a women who’s once known him by that other name†(Lahiri 193). The fact that Gogol goes through with meeting a girl who already knew his pet name, a Bengali custom, represents a step towards accepting his name and a willingness to begin his movement in the other direction towards his â€Å"Indian-ness.† Ironically the very thing they bond over is their identical  hybrid identity situation. â€Å"They talk about how they are both routinely assumed to be Greek, Egyptian, Mexican – even in this misrendering they are joined† (Lahiri 212). Neither Gogol nor Moushumi ever thought they would date another Bengali due to the fact that it is what their parents had continuously drilled into their heads as their wishes. They know that their blossoming relationship will please both their parents, and they each find some comfort in this surprising thought. The reason the two met up after not seeing each other since childhood was a result of a request by Gogol’s mother. She is the one who suggest he call Moushumi. Gogol proceeding with the call and arranging to meet Moushumi marks the start to his movement and reconnection to his Indian culture. The second way Gogol begins his journey of moving back towards the Indian side, is through his exploration and acceptance of what his pet name meant to his father. In the final chapter of the novel we see adult Gogol returning to his family home in which he goes into his old bedroom, discovering the book by author Nikolai Gogol that his father had given to him years ago. He opens the book to find what his father had written in it â€Å"For Gogol Ganguli†¦ the man who gave you his name, from the man who gave you your name†(Lahiri 288). It is only out of respect for his father that he takes the time to explore what the name meant to him. Had Gogol’s father not have passed away, he may have again snubbed the book and its significance to his father as he did when he first gifted it to him. This may be Lahiri’s way of conveying to readers that although it is too little to late in the aspect of reestablishing a relationship with his father, it is not yet too late to reconnect with his Bengali heritage. The moment Gogol begins to read â€Å"The Overcoat† marks just the beginning of his exploration and acceptance of his Bengali heritage and finding its role in the grand scheme of his double-sided identity spectrum. In conclusion we see different degrees of Indian and American culture present within Gogol representing his continuous changing position across his hybrid culture identity or â€Å"third space†. In the early stages of his life we see his divergence from â€Å"Indian-ness† through his parents failure to name him according to Bengali tradition, his own rejection of important  Bengali ceremonial traditions and the rejection of his pet name. Finally in adulthood he begins his journey in the other direction, his journey at exploring at reconnecting with this Indian roots marking the start of his movement back towards â€Å"Indian-ness.† This movement is achieved through his developing relationship with Moushumi, another Bengali-American character, as well as his acceptance to explore the meaning of his name given to him by his father. Works Cited Al-joulan, Nayef. â€Å"Diana Abu-Jaber’s Arabian Jazz: An Orphic Vision of Hybrid Cultural Identity.† Neophilologus 94.4 (2010): 637-52. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Heinze, Ruediger. â€Å"A Diasporic Overcoat? Naming and Affection in Jhumpa Lahiri’s the Namesake.† Journal of Postcolonial Writing 43.2 (2007): 191-202. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Caesar, Judith. â€Å"Gogol’s Namesake: Identity and Relationships in Jhumpa Lahiri’s the Namesake.† Atenea 27.1 (2007): 103-19. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.

Antigone

A time to live, a time to die†¦ Whose choice is it? Euthanasia is a topic that is rarely covered in the news. The moral ramifications of killing someone, even for the sake of mercy, seems too heavy of a topic for in depth discussion. No one wants to think about the day they will die, however when someone becomes terminally ill it can soon become their only thought. When pain and suffering enter this scenario, the option of ending a life more quickly may also enter the thought process. According to Life and Hope Network â€Å"9% of all deaths inAmerica are caused by Euthanasia† 1 We are given the gift of life at birth. I believe Euthanasia is a violation of the most precious gift we are given†¦ Life As stated by the Hospice foundation of America â€Å"Hospitals (Hospice) stands for [guest house. ] Hospice is a special type of care for patients who are not able to be cured. This loving act usually comes in the patient's finals days when they have been sent home from t he hospital and are waiting for their day to come. Hospice makes their patients feel comfortable and tries to ease their pain as much as possible.The providers also re there for their families to comfort them before and after their loved ones death. â€Å"2 With health care facilities caring for the sick and terminally ill patients, there are many options to choose from for a less painful way to pass than ending a life by Euthanasia. Someone once asked if using Euthanasia on animals was the same as using it on humans saying quote â€Å"If we use Euthanasia to put animals out of their pain and misery why is that not the same as helping Grandma by not letting her suffer anymore? 3 Animals and humans are vastly different. The main thing that sets unmans apart is the fact that they have a soul, whereas animals do not. Ending the life of a human because they no longer see a reason to live is a horrible alternative to seeking available pain management. Human life is sacred and should no t be terminated simply because life becomes hard. Often questions arise in situations like these such as†¦ † In old age do we as humans still have a life worth living? † Ecclesiastic 7:17 in the Bible says â€Å"†¦ Why should you die before your time? The Lord has a plan for everyone's life and when someone takes their life or someone else's before their time, they have disobeyed God's commands. The United States has learned a great deal about the dangers of Euthanasia and has created laws after hearing about cases such as Terry Shiva, Terry had a cardiac- respiratory arrest at 26, her doctors said it was caused by â€Å"lack of oxygen to the brain. † Terry was put on a feeding tube for more than 15 years and later passed away due lack of nourishment. When the court ordered the physicians to remove her feeding tube, she died 13 days later. Another case where Euthanasia was used to end an innocent life was Baby Doe, an infant baby boy who was born with D own syndrome and a hole in his throat. His parents decided that living a life like that would be unfair to him as he grew, so they asked his physician to remove his breathing tube. 6 One more scenario would be Nancy Curran, a person who was injured from an automobile accident and was left brain dead. Nanny's parent removed her feeding tube saying â€Å"This is what Nancy would have wanted. † That case led to the debate about families choosing life or death for individuals in a vegetative state.Nancy did not have a living will, so her parents made the suggestion of death fully on the basis of their own thinking. They weighed the question of whether Nancy loud have wanted to stay alive in such a state as she was or if she would have preferred to be taken off of her feeding tube. Dry. Jack Sovereign, better known as â€Å"Dry. Death,† was a man who fully supported Dry. Assisted suicide. Jack had assisted dozens of suicides and was willing to show news reporters his  "death machine† on the spot. He had been on trial many times for murder.Every time he won, with the statement â€Å"terminally ill patients should decide how and when they wish to die. † That statement left families on edge and very upset that there was no stopping this awful act. He later passed at the age of 83 dying of kidney failure. Jack, as are each of us, was promised by God that he will be face to face with Him. 2 Corinthians 5:10 declares, â€Å"For we must all appear before the Judgment seat of Christ, so that each one may receive what is due for what he has done in the body, whether good or evil. † The Bible states â€Å"Do not murder† In Exodus 20:13.It also says in Matthew 12:37 â€Å"For by your words you will be Justified, and by your words you will be condemned. † According to the Bible murder is murder. Manmade laws however do not always count all forms of assisted death as murder. That presents the questions. † Is there diffe rence between allowing someone to ask another to shoot them with a weapon or asking them to give them a shot of a deathly drug? If it is illegal to murder someone by suffocating them with a pillow, how is that different from someone asking another to suffocate them with a pillow? Although Euthanasia has varying opinions due to different situations, it is still Biblically, morally and logically wrong. The Lord tells us that we are not promised a tomorrow, but we will face Him on judgment day. We should therefore strive to obey His commands by not partaking in any form of murder, whether legal or not. It may be a difficult decision whether to stay in a hospital and receive care or to go home and have hospice come in to make the terminally ill person feel at ease. Antigone Antigens is about a princess, Antigens, who buries her brother after he and her other brother fought each other to death. As a result, King Croon wants to punish/kill Antigens for this while still him remembering that he had raised her. Due to the brothers fighting to death, a place to be king opened up for Croon to become the new king. The quote, â€Å"Where love rules, there Is no will to power; and where power predominates, there love Is lacking.The one Is the shadow of the other,† is by Carl Jung. The quotation relates to how when Croon wasn't inning, he ruled by love, but when he became king, his love lacked and ruled by pride and power. The quotation by Carl Jung relates to Croon one way by how Croon, before he was king, ruled by love. This ruling by love was evident when Croon raised Oedipus' four kids, He was a father to them and took care of them. Whenever he could, he would settle things as If he were their father, by love, and was fair to them before he became king. An example of Screen's fairness to them was since both of Oedipus' sons were both next in line to be king, Croon made a deal with them which was that the sons take turns with each other being the king for a year. Croon had his own blood- related son, Hammond, who in a scene argues with Croon, â€Å"Antigens is as much your daughter as I am your son†¦ You, to your own son, are seeking to take away what I love most without reason† (1. 3. 8-91 p What Hammond was meaning was that Croon loves Antidote as a daughter. Croon, before blinded by power and pride, ruled by love and not by will power.Another way how Carl Junk's quote relates to King Croon is by how when Croon became king, his love lacked, and ruled by power and pride. Whenever King Croon learned of Antigens being the one who buried her brother, his pride and power louder his judgment. â€Å"girl guilty of treason. Breaking the given laws†¦ [your death] gives me everything† (1. 2. 81-94). The referenced ph rase from the play Antigens, is an example of Screen's Judgment being clouded thinking that it was an act of anarchy and treason so she had to be punished/killed.Croon let pride decide the fate of Antigens. He didn't care if Hammond and Antigens were engaged, he was just to set on the idea that since he is king, than she must be punished and killed. The pride and power that King Croon had clouded his Judgment and Instead of ruling by love, he ruled by power. In conclusion, that quote by Carl Jung perfectly relates to King Croon. One way that Croon, before blinded by power and pride, ruled by love rather than will power.The quote also relates to when Croon became king, pride power clouded his Judgment, and ruled by power, instead of ruling by love. By Trinitarian that he had raised her. Due to the brothers fighting to death, a place to be king opened up for Croon to become the new king. The quote, â€Å"Where love rules, there is no will to power; and where power predominates, there love is lacking. The one is the shadow of the other,† is by Carl Jung. The quotation relates to how when Croon wasn't kids. He was a father to them and took care of them.Whenever he could, he would settle things as if he were their father, by love, and was fair to them before he most without reason† (1. 3. 8-91)? What Hammond was meaning was that Croon loves Another way how Carl Jung quote relates to King Croon is by how when Croon clouded his Judgment. â€Å"girl guilty of treason. Breaking the given laws†¦ [your death] Antigens. He didn't care if Hammond and Antigens were engaged, he was Just to set on power that King Croon had clouded his Judgment and instead of ruling by love, he Antigone Antigens is about a princess, Antigens, who buries her brother after he and her other brother fought each other to death. As a result, King Croon wants to punish/kill Antigens for this while still him remembering that he had raised her. Due to the brothers fighting to death, a place to be king opened up for Croon to become the new king. The quote, â€Å"Where love rules, there Is no will to power; and where power predominates, there love Is lacking.The one Is the shadow of the other,† is by Carl Jung. The quotation relates to how when Croon wasn't inning, he ruled by love, but when he became king, his love lacked and ruled by pride and power. The quotation by Carl Jung relates to Croon one way by how Croon, before he was king, ruled by love. This ruling by love was evident when Croon raised Oedipus' four kids, He was a father to them and took care of them. Whenever he could, he would settle things as If he were their father, by love, and was fair to them before he became king. An example of Screen's fairness to them was since both of Oedipus' sons were both next in line to be king, Croon made a deal with them which was that the sons take turns with each other being the king for a year. Croon had his own blood- related son, Hammond, who in a scene argues with Croon, â€Å"Antigens is as much your daughter as I am your son†¦ You, to your own son, are seeking to take away what I love most without reason† (1. 3. 8-91 p What Hammond was meaning was that Croon loves Antidote as a daughter. Croon, before blinded by power and pride, ruled by love and not by will power.Another way how Carl Junk's quote relates to King Croon is by how when Croon became king, his love lacked, and ruled by power and pride. Whenever King Croon learned of Antigens being the one who buried her brother, his pride and power louder his judgment. â€Å"girl guilty of treason. Breaking the given laws†¦ [your death] gives me everything† (1. 2. 81-94). The referenced ph rase from the play Antigens, is an example of Screen's Judgment being clouded thinking that it was an act of anarchy and treason so she had to be punished/killed.Croon let pride decide the fate of Antigens. He didn't care if Hammond and Antigens were engaged, he was just to set on the idea that since he is king, than she must be punished and killed. The pride and power that King Croon had clouded his Judgment and Instead of ruling by love, he ruled by power. In conclusion, that quote by Carl Jung perfectly relates to King Croon. One way that Croon, before blinded by power and pride, ruled by love rather than will power.The quote also relates to when Croon became king, pride power clouded his Judgment, and ruled by power, instead of ruling by love. By Trinitarian that he had raised her. Due to the brothers fighting to death, a place to be king opened up for Croon to become the new king. The quote, â€Å"Where love rules, there is no will to power; and where power predominates, there love is lacking. The one is the shadow of the other,† is by Carl Jung. The quotation relates to how when Croon wasn't kids. He was a father to them and took care of them.Whenever he could, he would settle things as if he were their father, by love, and was fair to them before he most without reason† (1. 3. 8-91)? What Hammond was meaning was that Croon loves Another way how Carl Jung quote relates to King Croon is by how when Croon clouded his Judgment. â€Å"girl guilty of treason. Breaking the given laws†¦ [your death] Antigens. He didn't care if Hammond and Antigens were engaged, he was Just to set on power that King Croon had clouded his Judgment and instead of ruling by love, he antigone

Minor Parties

Impact of Minor Parties In this paper, I will be discussing the impact of minor parties. Minor parties are political parties who have little to no impact on elections due to the amount of supporters and/or money is put into the party. However, in the United States, minor parties sometimes have a huge impact on politics and elections, whether it’s just getting their word out there and the major parties actually listen and discuss their issues, or they can even change which major party wins the election. Whatever the case may be, it shows that minor parties are just as effective as the major parties, although they have never come out on top.Just because they are minor, does not mean they have no say or no impact in government. They are just as important as the major parties, and they should always be taken into consideration during election time. In my opinion, I think minor parties are great for this country. They bring in different views and ideas, and I like to hear what some of them have to say. The United States is a free country, and in the first amendment of the Constitution, it allows us the right of free speech. This means anyone can express their thoughts and views on just about anything, and the minor parties do just that.They have gotten a say in politics, and the major parties sometimes bring the minor parties’ issues into discussion because they agree that their issue is a serious problem, and it needs to be fixed. I think it’s good that we don’t always have to hear the same boring stuff about issues we already know about. Even though they may never win a presidential election, at least there is some party out there that understands the issues that the major parties nor the majority of the United States citizens never really thought about.There has been a long history of minor party candidates running for President, starting with the Anti-Masonic Party led by William Whit in 1832, and ending with the Reformist Party led b y Ross Perot in 1996. There have even been very successful minor parties. Some examples are Theodore Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party in 1912, John Breckenridge’s Southern Democrat Party in 1860, and the most successful and recent one of our time Ross Perot’s Independent Party in 1992. All of these parties I mentioned made an impact on their respected elections, and because of them, they brought in new ideas and have shaped our current government.In this paragraph, I am going to discuss the 1992 election, and how a minor party greatly effected this election. In 1992, the Independent Party led by Ross Perot was running up against George W. Bush Sr. of the Republican Party and Bill Clinton of the Democratic Party. Perot was a member of the Republican Party prior to the election, but because of his disagreements with both of the parties’ issues, he decided to run as an independent. Bush Sr. was the current President, and was a shoe in for this election, but beca use of Perot’s switching of parties and how vocal he was, Bush lost supporters, while Perot gained a lot.Because of this, Clinton won with only 43% of the popular vote, while Bush had about 37%, and Perot had about 20%. This was one of the only times a President was elected into office without the majority vote. This became the turning point on how the people viewed minor parties, and ever since, the government has started to listen to their views more often. There are even two independents in the Senate right now, taking the impact of minor parties another step further. With these minor parties there are supporters of them and there are people who are against them.The supporters of minor parties in the United States are obviously the minor parties themselves and the people who support them because they want a say in politics so the current government can discuss them, and possibly change things around a little to their benefit if necessary. Another supporter would be the maj or party who got into office in an election because of the minor parties because if it weren’t for the minor parties and their popularity at the time, the major party’s candidate may have not gotten into office.The people who oppose them would probably be the major parties who lose an election due to the minor parties because the minor parties screwed them over from winning a presidential election. For example, the Republican Party was more than likely very angry at Perot for not only leaving their party, but also costing them the 1992 election. The Democrats were obviously very happy because if it weren’t for Perot, Clinton would have never been President that year. In conclusion, minor parties are great for our country. Even though they never win, they still have an impact on politics and sometimes the elections.The only alternative I would suggest would be for the major parties to listen more to the minor parties because as of right now, nothing good is being done for this country to be turned around. There is a great deal of partisanship in the government right now, and no one is willing to work with one another because they are only concerned with their views and their party’s views, without taking others’ views into consideration. A minor party may have a good idea that both parties like, and it may be able to bring some bipartisanship back in the government and even help our economy a little bit.There is nothing wrong with minor parties in this country, and I hope the major parties listen to more of their ideas in the future. Works Cited Leip, David. â€Å"1992 Presidential General Election Results. † US Selection Atlas. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. Lightman, Max. â€Å"The Role of Minor Parties in Politics. † Slideshare. N. p. , 30 Apr. 2008. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. Salka, William M. â€Å"The Impact of Minor Parties on Electoral Competition: An Examination of US. † N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013.

Ecosystems and How They Work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ecosystems and How They Work - Assignment Example Disturbances in forest influence the rate of recovery. Several studies show that the characteristics of this ecosystem influence the rate of recovery. Even though no one theory can explain all factors able to control succession, some variables appear to be more important compared to others (Wright, 2009). Introduction An ecosystem is a group of organisms living together, interacting with each other and with their surrounding (eoearth.org). It consists of two basic components namely, abiotic and biotic components. The relationship between biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem is known as holocoenosis (Fisher al et, 2009.They are different types of ecosystem; tropical rainforest, grassland, coral reef, estuary, desert among others. Here, the forces will is on tropical rainforest. Ecosystem has four basic functions; regulatory functions, habitat functions, production functions and information functions. Tropical rainforest A tropical rainforest is an ecosystem type that occurs a pproximately within the latitudes 28 degrees north/south of the equator. Tropical rainforests ecosystem experiences a significant amount of rainfall and high average temperatures. These rainforests can be found in Australia, Asia Africa, Central America, South America, Mexico and on many of the Caribbean, Pacific, and Indian Ocean islands. The classification within the World Wildlife Fund’s biome describes tropical rainforests as a type of tropical wet forest or tropical moist broadleaf forest. They also referred to it as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest. Generally, tropical rainforest biome consists; lowland equatorial evergreen rain forest, montane rain forest, flooded forest and moist deciduous and semi evergreen seasonal forest. An example of montane rainforest is the Sierra Nevada of California (WWF). Every ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic factors; therefore, montane rainforest has both biotic and abiotic ecosystem. Generally, abiotic components include th e non-living, physical-chemical factors such as water, air, and soil among other basic elements and compounds of the environment. These abiotic factors are broadly classified  into three categories climatic factors, edaphic factors and inorganic substances. Climatic factors in Sierra Nevada are influenced by the Mediterranean climate of California. During the fall, spring and winter, haste in the area averages from 510 to 2,000 mm where it takes place mostly as snow over 1,800  m. Furthermore, summers are dry with low humidity; however, afternoon thunderstorms are usual, specifically during the North American Monsoon. Also, summer high temperatures average 6–32  Ã‚ °C. Moreover, the growing season takes 20 to 230 days, depending strongly on elevation (WWF). An alpine climate experienced in the highest elevations of the Sierra. Consequently, the steepness of the Sierra Escarpment and the height of the range, specifically at the southern end of the range bring forth a win d development referred as the "Sierra Rotor". In addition, this is a horizontal rotation of the atmosphere ,precisely east of the crest of the Sierras, set in movement as a result of strong westerly winds (Fisher et al, 2009). Edaphic factors in Sierra Nevada include; granite which is mostly found east of the crest and north of 37.2 °N. Apparently, most soils in the tropical rain forests are characterized by significant poor nutrients and leaching and; however there are fertile soils contained

Women of Color at the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women of Color at the Workplace - Essay Example Today, the community comprises almost one-fifth of the workforce in the United States. Research indicates that major developments have happened regarding the recruitment of women of color in the recent past. The enlisting of each segment of women looked into such as Black American, Latino, Asian and Aboriginals, increased in the recent past (Amott and Matthaei 157). More females from all the categories are absorbed as officials and key members of the executive teams in the industrial sector. This paper examines how women of color used feminism to increase their power in the workplace. Statistics According to Amott and Matthaei (53) â€Å"Native Americans struggling for tribal autonomy and for the recognition of broken treaties have also had to confront corporate greed †¦Ã¢â‚¬  This implies that women of color have achieved tremendous gains, in terms of population at the workplace and the statuses of workplace environments, though not easily. Despite the progress made, there ar e still a number of stubborn occurrences which require more concern. Quite a large number of women of color tend to prefer particular industrial sectors and seem to have concentrated in insignificant occupational positions. Statistics indicate that â€Å"Native American women’s labor force participation rates rose sharply between 1970 and 1990, from 35 percent to 55 percent† (Amott and Matthaei 59). Nevertheless, in the recent past, they have achieved the smallest returns regarding total absorption into jobs and positions of significance, far smaller than the level of growth of Latinos and Asians. In the meantime, black women surpass their work force percentage as sales employees, clerical officers and those in the service sector. Notably, the Nursing and Residential Care Facilities sector absorbs the largest proportion of Black American women vis-a-vis the greatest proportion of women in general. Replacing men during World War I Whereas the chance for the women to ext end their careers came into fore during the First World War, there were several grounds why women of color transformed their principles to occupy the new job opportunities left by men. The main reason behind more women power at the workplace was inspired by patriotism factor. The then message from the government summoned women to support the country. Equally linked to this patriotic call was the need to engage in something more fascinating and different, and an issue which would enhance the combat effort. Higher remuneration, also partly contributed, as did the prevailing shore up in social status, though a number of women of color took up the opportunities in the workplace out of absolute need, because of the government program, which differed by country and eventually rooted for only the families of absent military officers did not meet the shortage. Unions and strikes Although, the war resulted in many new options for the women and job opportunities, it did not normally impact an increase in the earnings of the women, which were traditionally much poorer than men’s. In the United States, for instance, rather than offer a woman what a man would have pocketed, according to government policies on equal regulations, recruiters divided responsibilities down into less significant tasks, employing more women of color for each task and offering them peanuts for carrying out the responsibility. This increased the bureaucracy of the women, but shrunk their earnings. During the World War I, women organized strikes citing meager pay, developments that lasted days or several weeks as the war transpired. Amott and Matthaei (56) indicate that in 1980s, â€Å"American Indian women continued to form pan-Indian women’s organizations for self-determination and against sexism.†

The theoretical rationale for the NPV approach to investment appraisal Essay

The theoretical rationale for the NPV approach to investment appraisal - Essay Example 383). It is originally attributed to Irving Fisher in his 1930 book, The Theory of Interest. The most common application of the Fisher model of NPV is in deriving the value of the net contribution of a potential investment to shareholder value, or for budgeting purposes, when deciding among alternative projects when available capital is limited and may not be sufficient to finance all the projects. In fact, the NPV is a valuation method that may be used to decide situations for which a stream of future returns and future payments may be estimated. The power and allure of the NPV is that it serves so well the role of financial markets that allows individuals and corporations to transfer money between dates (MacMinn, 2005:1). By creating a rationale valuation tool linking money in two different points in time, it becomes possible for the individual to â€Å"save by transferring dollars from the present to the future,† while the corporation may â€Å"invest and finance the investment by transferring dollars from the future to the present† (p.l-2). However, for the model to work requires knowledge of the cost of capital from which the discount rate is derived. The NPV is derived by discounting all future cash inflows and outflows to the present. By â€Å"discounting† is meant calculating the equivalent value in the present of all future cashflows, assuming these cashflows appreciated over time by an annual compound rate such as the cost of money. This â€Å"discount rate† is that rate of return that an investment (of similar risk) in the financial markets may be expected to earn. Otherwise stated, if an amount equivalent to the net present value were invested today in a financial instrument of similar risk as the alternative or project being considered, the rate of return of which is equal to the expected return on the investment, then such amount would represent the same benefit that may be derived from th entire stream of future cash flows yielded by the instrument invested in. When the discount rate has been determined, the present value of a single sum N years in the future may be found by multiplying this single sum by t he discount factor pertaining to the discount rate applied over N number of years. In mathematical terms: Where: PV = present value of the future single sum R = the future single sum N = the number of compounding periods from the present to the time the single sum is realized or expected i = the discount rate The discount factor is equivalent to the factor multiplied by the single sum to obtain the present value. It is denoted by the expression Discount factor (single sum, discount rate i, N periods) = Where there are more than one cash flow, the several cash flows together make up a cash flow stream. In this instance, the sum of the present values of the individual cash flows is equal to the present value of the entire cash flow stream. When the cash flow is an inflow (or revenue), then the cash flow is positive and its present value is also positive. When the cash flow is an outflow (or cost), then the cash flow is negative, and its present value is also negative. Therefore the su m of present values for the inflows and outflows nets out the costs from the revenues, resulting in the net present value. Illustrating the theoretical rationale of the NPV To illustrate the rationale of the NPV approach, assume that management has to choose from three possible investments A, B and C, each with a life of five years and none of which are mutually exclusive, with the following expected future cash inflows and outflows: The cash flows at year 0 (the present) represent the initial investments which are costs and therefore are denoted by the

Pimps up, ho's down Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pimps up, ho's down - Essay Example In particular, the goal of the author was not to describe hip hop music or sexism, but to relate hip hop culture with the behavior of black women, especially in their response to the superiority of the black men. The book is a revelation of the worsening case of gender politics. Equally important, the Motivational Education Entertainment (MEE) Productions, Inc., a firm that specializes in research about urban and ethnic groups, also performed a study regarding the views of the Black urban youth on intimacy or sexual activity. The study was titled â€Å"This is My Reality: The Price of Sex: An Inside Look at Black Urban Youth Sexuality and the Role of the Media.† MEE was able to provide a picture of the present day value of sex to the black urban youth, who seems to have become unmindful of the consequences of sex. Apparently, the impact of hip hop culture to the lives of the younger generation has reached the point of affecting their relationship with the self, family, friends , and society. Hip hop is not only a trend, but a culture that is influencing the lifestyle of today’s younger generation. Thus, to a certain extent, because of its profound impact on the lifestyle of the young blacks hip hop culture created sexual abusers. The impact of hip hop culture on the lives of the African American youths is indeed profound to the extent that it is affecting their views about sex and relationships. In particular, the messages that are inflicted in hip hop music are often condemned because of expressing misogyny, or hatred towards women. Hence, the lyrics of hip hop music in it have encouraged the abuse of African American women through words that destroy their image in the society. The abuse of women has continued through the years, and this time not only through words but sexually and emotionally. The world sees movies that show Black women in strip clubs, and the adult entertainment industry obtains profit from this type of dirty business (Sharpley- Whiting 12). More and more men feed their illusion by making women object of sexual abuse. The worsening case of sexual abuse is already being manifested in the things people see in television or hear on the radio. With hip hop music going mainstream, it is no wonder why many adolescent black females are involved in sexual relationships (MEE 23), sexual relationships that bring them to the abuses of men at an early age. Males call their female sexual partners as the shorty while they call their other partner the wifey whom they consider for a long-term relationship (MEE 26). Thus, if one is the shorty better yet expect nothing more than sex. Apparently, hip hop is nowadays more than just a musical genre, for it has become a catalyst of change that influenced the black males to feeling that they are more superior compared to women and that women, at present, are vulnerable and easily deceive by their false promises. In relation to the abuses encountered by young black women in the so ciety, sexual violence, sexism, beat downs, sexual dishonesty and anti-lesbianism are some of the challenges that these women have to deal with in everyday life (Sharpley-Whiting 12). These female difficulties reflect how young black women are being maltreated by some men. However, because of the emergence of hip hop culture, these difficulties were made to appear as if it were a normal part of life (Sharpley-Whiting 12). The â€Å"patriarchal and misogynistic notions of manhood and masculinity combined with racism†

Is elitism or pluralism a better explanatory theory of the way Essay - 1

Is elitism or pluralism a better explanatory theory of the way American government and politics really operates Why so - Essay Example In simple words, elite administration is an administration which is based on the vested interests of a specific economic class. Pluralism, on the other hand is based on diversity and acceptance and is stated to be implemented for the common good of the people. With special regards to a modern economic, social and political development, pluralism is considered to be the most effective and cost efficient system. Elitism and pluralism are two separate entities. If you feel the need to differentiate between the two, you would need to study their individual characteristics. (Elitism: The future of american foreign policy: elitism versus pluralism) Although there are various attributes attached to the elite, there is no single definition of the term. Likewise, the term elite can also be used to describe a class or group of people who have the required wealth and the essential social status to influence class determination. Listed below are a few personal attributes which are directly linked to the elitist theory. The pluralism concept is often considered essential for the US set up as it is not individualistic in nature and is governed owing to numerous resources. These resources can enhance the overall power of the politicians by providing opportunities in terms of legal authority, prestige, knowledge, skill and monetary benefits. Henceforth, as compared to elite system, the pluralism theory is ideal for the US set up. (Allaboutreligion) (Bryner) The biggest reason which advocates the concept of pluralism is the ability of the pluralistic society to differentiate between potential and actual power. Actual power is undoubtedly the ability to force an individual through compulsive force whereas potential power is the ability to transform a potential resource into usable power. A perfect example of this concept is the currency bills. If there is no power attached to cash, the bills would continue to remain plain pieces of paper and vice versa. The pluralist

How to be a good accountant in the future Essay

How to be a good accountant in the future - Essay Example To investigate and come up with clear responses of professional accountants, in various work settings. Background Recently, many things have developed relating to bookkeepers and their job. Many companies have lost money in unclear circumstances and this has caused many companies to lose trust in many accountants. However, it is unclear whether the mistakes and problems that many companies face emanate from the errors and unethical behaviors of accountants. For this reasons, it good to find out what makes or breaks an accounting reputation. Approach or method This research will employ the use of questionnaires, samples survey as sources of information concerning the ethical standards of accountants. This will answer the questions concerning their future accounting profession improvement. The proposed literature The proposed literature will base on the factors behind a good accounting job and the negatives associated with it; it will give the significance of the investigation to the u pcoming of bookkeeping professionals. The Gantt chart Gantt chart Task Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April Research proposal Poster creation Literature review Data collection Analysis of Results Presentation of the results Introduction Studies indicate that, many organizations in recent times face scandalous financial situations. These incidences have been associated with accountants who work as employees in various business organizations in different settings in the world. Several businesses have lost cash in the course and the reason of the basis of the problem is uncertain, which has stained the reputation of several businesses. As a result, big and small companies are losing out in terms of business performance and profit making. The blunders leading to the deprived performance are alleged to be caused bookkeeping specialists. In some cases, the mistakes have been associated with the management as a whole; this is because the organization is involved in the decisions that influ ence the working of the auditors. In either way, what the accountants do affects the management and in reverse, the decisions made by the management influences accounting behaviors. This means that there are a number of issues revolving around the same issue of why many organizations have lost trust in accountants as professionals. For this reason, there is need to carry out an extensive research on the issues surrounding accounting as a field of professionalism. Before looking at that, here are some important facts about accounting; this will form the footing about bookkeeping and certified public auditor in particular. According to studies, it is through accounting that a mechanism that provides data, which is a crucial concerning the financial status of an organization in relation to business matters. The information found through this way is essential for investors because it gives critical details, which could be used as the determining factors in line with the decisions the in vestors have to make before investing. It may also help in determining whether the investors could opt not to invest in the organization, as the financial information may not be appealing to them. This will be viewed in terms of return on investments that the organization may receive after the investments. Regarding a good image of a corporate, moral or ethical and expert bookkeeping, comprises a clear image of a corporate financially. This forms the basis on which company managers are set to make informed decisions and shape the

E-business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E-business management - Essay Example It is a process of obtaining as well as assessing evidence of economic activities and actions to determine the variations in the results which are later communicated to the concerned parties (Raffa 2003, P. 2). A company audits may include financial, use of information and communication technology, compliance and operational audits (Raffa 2003, P. 2). The auditors use the available data and records, collect data prom the concerned parties and analysis it into a report that is disseminated to the internal and external customers. This paper will evaluate Marchi indo-pak cuisine and propose to conduct an audit of their operations in relation to e-business management. Introduction Mirchi indo-pak cuisine This is a family business located in Cardiff and provides traditional south Asian cuisine using locally available food products as well as conventional Indian methods to prepare delicious traditional foods (Mirchi 2008). They provide different menus which are custom made to suit individu al customer preferences, family parties and outside catering services. Their vision is to provide simple, traditional and high quality foods as well as homely services to their customers (Mirchi 2008) E-business management E-business is a business practice that allows use of internet and other modern communication equipments as the major platform of business communication and conducting business. Due to expansion in globalization, access and use of internet across the globe, most companies are shifting from the traditional mode of doing business into internet based business models. Mirchi indo-pak Cuisine is a Company that have established its presence online and conducting business online. The company aims at targeting customers who spend most of their time online and understand the convenience of dong business online. However there is need to evaluate the e-business processes to determine their effectiveness and recommend changes in order to efficiently tap this market segment. E- business operational audit is the proposed service to Mirchi indo-pak cuisine to evaluate and validate the organizational online process and the effectives of the process n relation to the information and communication structures (Brewster n.d., P 30). This process will assist in ensuring effective systems are in use, assist the company to understand consumers and potential customers needs and expectations, acts as an channel of communication with the customers, suppliers, employees and shareholders, the process will also help to boost customer trust in regard to products offered as well help to increase the shareholders trust on the company management and employees (Brewster n.d., P 19). The process will involve evaluating the current processes used in their e-business through a telephone interview with the IT manager by asking him or her interview questions that relate to the company. The research findings will be interpreted by relating the answers given and the tone in the manag er’s voice (Onwuegbuzie Leech and Collins 2010, P 699). Telephone interview and analysis of the data will be used to evaluate their current status in order to give recommendations for changes that will help boost their effectiveness. Part 1B – The Audit report For a company’s management to understand if their company is operating as expected and to improve their operational practices an organization can opt to edit their processes for the whole

Job search project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Job search project - Assignment Example In addition, the work will present an in-depth study of the present shortage and the reasons behind. Environmental health specialists are professional health workers mandated to ensure safe and healthy condition within residential, commercial, industrial and even recreations settings. These professionals also carry the name environmental health or safety inspector. Their primary duty involves checking the presence of any health hazards and making proper plans to sort out the problems. Majority of environmental safety inspectors are found working in government institutions that monitor federal, state and even local safety and environmental policies. This takes in such duties as monitoring factories and plants for industrial wastes or any other pollution; inspecting hotels for cleanliness; and inspecting day cares institutions, schools and nursing homes to find if there is any heath hazards that may include lead paint or radon. In addition, environmental safety inspectors also check ho w hospitals deal with biological waste while at the same time ensure recreational facilities such as swimming pools are in good condition to be used by the public(NEHA). State employed environmental safety inspectors issue certificates and permits, which qualify that a certain recreational facility, place of business or residence has met the required safety and health standards to begin its operation. On the other hand private environmental health inspectors found working in private companies serve to keep the firms facilities within the standards prescribe by the government. Here, they ensure that environmental health specialists send from the government do not any violations of the set policies. In many cases, the environmental health inspector job requires that one possesses a minimum qualification of a bachelor’s degree in environmental science. Addition qualification in any course related to biology, chemistry, physical science, public health and environmental engineerin g is of great significant. Individuals intending to work with government agencies need to undertake a certification offered by the concerned federal, state or local institution. Such is the case that many states have set up a licensing board to examine possible candidates who are then granted certification after going through the process successfully. In this case, the certification granted depends much on the nature of the concerned facilities. Certification is also possible through the National Environmental Health Association (NEHA). In addition to the academic qualifications, a competent environmental health inspector should demonstrate certain skills deemed vital for this profession. First, he/she should display strong employee relation and good interpersonal skills. This will help one relates with other stakeholders in this field without much difficulties. Secondly, a professional in this field needs to have good skills in both verbal and written communication. Such is the cas e that this job will require proper record keeping and at the same time good presentation of the findings. Other important skills required are problem solving, analytical and organizational that will help in accomplishing the task given easily and more effectively (NEHA). Lastly, an environmental hea

A Sense of Belonging Essay Example for Free

A Sense of Belonging Essay The novel Simple Gift is written in a verse form and presented by three different perspectives of the main characters- Billy, a 16 year old runaway, Caitlin, a girl from a wealthy family and Old Bill, a homeless alcoholic. This mix of gender, social status and age forms a sense of belonging which each character gains. The first person narrator allows the reader to directly engage with each of its characters. Billy Luckett does not have any connection with his dad because he is subjected to abuse both physically and verbally. He gives a negative description of his dad saying â€Å"the old bastard†. He uses colloquial language and sarcasm â€Å"see ya dad. I’ve taken the alcohol. Drink this instead to celebrate your son leaving home.† This sense of disconnection is illustrated in the poem ‘sport’ where his father â€Å"gives him a backhander across his face, so hard he fell down† and he â€Å"slams the door on his sporting childhood†. Herrick uses this metaphor to create a sense of isolation and alienation caused by an alcoholic father. Billy has no connection to his school either. He is shown to be a rebel by saying â€Å"Billy Luckett rhymes with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the use of ellipse highlights the feeling of disconnection. He disrespects his teachers as well which is evident when he says â€Å"Let Cheetum chew on that†. All these instances show that he does not belong and has no connection with his family or community leading him to run away. He compares his dad to Ernie, the train driver in the poem â€Å"Men†. He says that they are both opposite. â€Å"There are men like Ernie and there are men like my dad†. He refers to his dad as someone who does not perform his fatherly role emphasising on the fact that he is completely disconnected from his father. Certain people can make a person belong and Billy’s case is no different. Billy and Caitlin have nothing in common but their relationship relay’s on internal love and bonds. They both feel disconnected from the world and their families. They catch each other â€Å"doing someth ing they didn’t want to do but had to† both Billy and Caitlin are attracted to each other physically too. Billy notices she has â€Å"bouncing, shiny, clean hair and her eyes were pale green†. Caitlin notices his attitude of self-admiration and the fact that he is â€Å"homeless and proud of it.† They develop a strong sense of connection both physically and emotionally. Making to love to Caitlin was the ultimate sense of belonging. It also contrasts Kate’s description of having sex. Billy describes it as â€Å"falling headlong into the clear water of the Benderat River and opening my eyes to the beautiful phosphorescent bubbles of light.† He uses this simile to convey a feeling of a magical world. This description also shows the beauty of the emotional bond making the experience special. Billy and Caitlin, create their own â€Å"special world† which is very important to them as it enhances their belonging and connections. In the end billy gives Caitlin a â€Å"beautiful green emerald ring† he had brought thinking about her eyes which indicates the value he places on their relationship which in turn enhances the sense of maturity they both attain. After the death of his wife and daughter Jessie, Old Bill disconnects himself entirely from the world. Old Bill relays on alcohol to forget about the world and his past. However, the gifts of cigarettes trigger his memory of his daughter. Old Bill is changed by Billy’s kindness of Billy bringing him wheatbix and tea every day. This symbolises that Billy helps Old Bill to belong again after many years of remoteness from the society. Old Bill starts to treat Billy differently which shows that he has changed his attitude towards Billy and they have developed a relationship. Old Bill ultimately becomes Billy’s father figure. Towards the end he provides Billy a place to live-his house. This shows that he is letting go of the past. He finally accepts the death of his family and starts a new life. In the end he decides to travel north as it is his daughter’s dream. Old Bill also needs a change from his old life and memories. Right from the beginning, Billy has a strong connection with nature and the land. This is evident in the poem ‘Westfield Creek’. Billy uses diction and positive adjectives to show a sense of belonging to â€Å"a place he loves†. This positive description contrasts with his house and school. Billy’s view on land is positive and liberating as it a place â€Å"where he can come to read and learn.† It is his â€Å"favourite classroom.† Billy also has a strong sense of connection with the train carriage his â€Å"Motel Benderat†. He â€Å"closes the door and make a home† showing that he has shut the world out.

The Positive Behavioural Support Education Essay

The Positive Behavioural Support Education Essay The last twenty has seen the emergence from Applied Behavioural Analysis of Positive Behavioural Support.ABS was Established in the 1960s as a science which produces behavioural changes from its learning principles. They are then systematically applied in order to bring about behavioural changes which are socially important (Cooper. Heron Heward,1987).In the late 1980s and early 1990s PBS was being developed using methods and concepts in a generalised concept of strategy of support and intervention from ABA. This strategy was intended to reduce behavioural problems and enhance a persons quality of life ( E.Carr et al.,2002).PBS owes a lot of its methodological, conceptual and technological roots from ABA, and so is indebted to ABA for this and this is well understood (E.Carr et al ., 2002).A lot of behavioural analysiss who are conspicuous contributors in ABS initially trained in ABA and they still maintain very close links with ABA.PBS is still in terms of data required and the for mation of new theoretical frameworks as it tries to establish it self as a fully distinct science in its infancy. Although due to the unique and substance of PBSs critical features it warrants a separate identity (E.Carr et al.,2002;Dunlap,2004).The links are vital and numerous between ABA and PBS ( Risley,2003).At an individual level is the debt that PBS owes to ABA at its most oblivious especially in the direct intervention practices at procedural level. With the use of the principles of instrumental methods , the use of stimulus control and positive reinforcement. And even extends to intervention technology and the considerable assessments that were developed by the ABA, in the early years. This technology includes contingency management, antecedent manipulations, refined strategies of instruction, Functional assessment and functional analysis.PBS have also adapted times series designs and methods of direct observations which are used extensively in ABA. While PBS embraces perspe ctives and traditions beyond ABAs, its service delivery is indisputably similar (J.Carr Sidener,2002;Dunlap,2004;Wacker Berg,2002).In 1968 the Journal of Applied Behavioural Analysis was founded. With its founding editor Montrose Wolf 1968-1970, and Todd Risley as editor 1972-1974,these two editors were responsible for the innovative and dynamic characteristics that were in that journal. And were in turn with their colleges were largely responsible for the shaping ABA as a discipline. Through their own research publications and the early years at the Journal of Behavioural Analysis, Risley and Wolf led the way in the development of the model of action oriented field research (Fixsen Dunlap,2004).This model is based on experimental methods and rigorous measurements, a great deal of this models uniqueness is associated with these seven appealing characteristics. 1.To solve serious human problems with a complete focus on practical solutions. 2.Messages from research should be direct and simple, Quest for Parsimony. 3.Solutions identified in research should benefit individuals in life altering ways, or large portions of society in a quest for meaningful impact. 4.Obliging research design to conform to situations and to putting solutions before the strictures of the science. 5.Recognise that in anolog contexts solutions are not real solutions in real human problems, ecological validity. 6.Having a commitment to collaborate with the community, colleges research participants and students in understanding that solutions and ideas are communal and a social phenomena. 7.Ideas are more important than any ideology. With this model of applied research the message is clearly that its important to be completely open to hopefully useful perspectives, and to be restrained by disciplinary and conceptual insularity is counterproductive. Wolf and Risley with the use of these seven characteristics in applied science, enabled them to answer critical problems.Strenghthen the vigour and potency of interventions, by the development of the achievement place group home model. And with the idea of social validation. Wolf with his colleges changed the previous restrictions of hard direct observation data (Wolf,1978).The achievement place group members with the use of systematic consumer imput to supplement the usual evidence .Where then able to refine the residential service model, and also able to replicate their findings successfully many times due to its robustness (Fixsen,Blasà ©,Timbers Wolf,2001).Without the use of social validation data this scaling up would not have been possible. Risley although a founding member of ABA showed the same ability to move beyond his disciplines limitations in his quest for answers to critical questions. Risley with Betty Hart (Hart Risley,1995) used unconventional descriptive statisti cs and data collection techniques to produce very important findings, associated with the development of young childrens language. Risley also conceived of behavioural support happenings at a larger life arrangements level. With interventions being formulated on whom and where a person on a daily bases interact with. And what they do in terms of play, work and social commerce (Risley,1996).The scientific precepts of ABA did not foresee the conceptualisation, but it shows the spirit and dynamic model of action oriented problem solving of Wolf, Risley and others created in the 1960s and 1970s.The cornerstone of PBS is the life arrangements approach by Risley. The experimental analysis of behaviour and the scientific techniques of behaviour by the early founders of ABA provided a valuable service (Sidman,1960;Skinner,1953) in the field of real human problems. Some of the founders of ABA created a dynamic and creative model of problem solving field based research, by going beyond the th is act of tranlation.whilst at the same time maintaining the many benefits and scientific orientation that were produced by early ABA. By creating additional strategies or adopting some, to defeat barriers in their way that were diminishing their effectiveness or understanding. Risley and Wolf are oblivious examples although there are and were others. The techniques and methods of ABA are essiential.But the pioneers that used the dynamic problem solving approach in ABA has also been adopted by people in PBS and should be maintained by them in order to help find new solutions that affect human well being. There is mounting concern over the challenging behaviours displayed by the numbers of young children in early childhood settings (Squires Bricker,2007).Behaviours such as tantrums,biting,yelling,hitting,withdrawal or noncompliance. Which are major barriers to effective social networks and their development of social compliance (Campbell,Specker,Burchinal,Poe The NICH, Early Child Care Research Network; Dunlap et al.,2006;Wood,Cowan Baker,2006).A childs typical development consists of these challenging behaviours in the early years, for instance a two year old child will yell when refused a biscuit or sweet. A three year old child will take a toy and then hit the other child. But these behaviours should then diminish as the child develops emotional and social regulation, language and their skills at cognitive problems increase (Campbell,1995;Tremblay et al.,2004).Approximately 10% of children continue in their preschool years to exhibit these challenging behaviours (Kuperschmidt,Br yant Willoughby,2000).This figure rises if the children are from low income families (Qi Kaiser,2003).For children who exhibit severe and/or sustained challenging behaviours the outcome is bleak. Challenging behaviours long term negative outcomes may not be limited to and can include social rejection, drug abuse, academic failure and the commission of crime in adulthood (Patterson, Reid Dishow,1992). The development pathway that leads to anti social behaviours and social conduct disorders has been shown by research to be established in the preschool years (Webster-straton,2000).Young children who are at risk of displaying patterns of challenging behaviour in preschool have a need for early intervention. In America there is such a federally funded programme called P.L. 99-457 which came about in 1986.This is an early childhood special education service or intervention. In where a child is at risk or has disabilities. But this service are not always provided for all of the chidren, who display emotional and/or social behavioural problems. Due to idiosyncrasies with the lack of assessment methods and/or systematic screening (Conway Brown,2004;Powell,Fixsen,Dunlap,Smith Fox,2007).These services when they are provided have been reactive rather proactive (Conway brown,2004).Interventions have been based on a response to a single childs disruptive behaviour. Without taking steps to reduce the likelihood of other children in the classroom developing challenging behaviour patterns. Whilst this is important for remedying severe problem behaviour in one child, it does little to reduce similar patterns of behaviour in other children. as it doesnt address their needs.Families,researchers and preschool teachers are looking for the implementation of a research based comprehensive intervention programmes. To prevent the emergence of problem behaviours by young children (Gillam Shaber,2006;Joseph Strain,2003). Preschool teachers however continue to voice the opinion tha t a childs challenging behaviour is their biggest concern (Alkon,Rambler MacLennan,2003;Joseph Strain,2003) In a recent report (Gilliam Shaber,2003) demonstrated that teachers do not have the support for early interventions that they need. The figure that rates for expulsion in preschool children are 3.2 times higher than for school age children shows this (Gilliam Shaber,2006).Child expulsion rates dropped though when preschool teachers had access to mental health consultants who are based in the classroom. These rates dropped specifically if this support was available on an ongoing bases. Other research has also supported these results, that it is important to have access to mental health specialists and the support they offer to preschool teachers. As the teachers try to manage social emotional development and challenging behaviours of young children 9Alkon et al.,2003;Duda,Dunlap,Fox,lentini Clarke,2004). A Consultant will work with a teacher in consultation for preschool children, in order to strengthen teaching strategies. With the use of environmental arrangements that are associated with childrens emotional functioning and social skills (Dougherty,2000).In a comprehensive multi systems level approach, the consultant may also work with other service related personnel and administrators. In a system level approach such as in procedures and policies for example, teachers schedules, data management and referral practices. This can help support the assessment, identification and the prevention of and intervention for challenging behaviours.Teachers,young children and early childhood service delivery arrangements can benefit from a fully comprehensive system wide model. That involves consultation in order to prevent challenging behaviour by young children, through preventative support. Positive Behaviour Support (PBS) is one such multi comprehensive approach which is team based. That sh ows promise and has been well tested especially in preschool settings (Conroy Brown,2004;Fox,Dunlap Powell,2002).PBS is a multi system wide model used in the reduction of challenging behaviours. The PBS model consists of three levels of prevention and intervention, within a programme setting or a school setting, depending of the needs of the children (Carr et al.,2002).At the first level of prevention all the children are provided with a predictive and safe environment. The focus being on trying to build relationships which are positive (Fox,Dunlap,Hemmeter,Joseph strain,2003).The physical design of the classroom also gets attention, the schedule which is followed regulary.Then there is also verbal interactions with the families, children and other teachers (Fox,et al.,2003).Along with this the children are shown clearly defined expectations. Such as the use of listening ears, safe hands and the use of quiet voices inside. These techniques are taught specifically in a large group instruction class, such as circle time (Stormont et al.,2005).These are often displayed on posters placed in the classroom walls for the children and others to look at and refer too. Then these may become classroom rules, normally there would be three to five classroom rules with accompanying posters or pictures. Which is the recommended amount, then normally every day the children are especially taught these expectations with nonexamples and examples of rule following behaviours (Stormont et al .,2005).At the second level of support which involves targeted interventions of a small group of children, who have displayed some deficits in challenging behaviours and/or social skills (Howken Horner,2003).In a classroom of young children, the programme consists of small group activities such as buddy or peer group programmes. Or strategies that are implemented by the teacher, that are used throughout the day. For instance by offering support by the teacher to the child when they are usi ng self regulation strategies (Fox et al.,2003). And in the low risk group, for children who display low intensity behaviours. Second level strategies operate in the most efficient way with small groups of children. It is at the tertiary or top level of intervention, where children are not responding to preventive attempts. Or who display severe and/or chronic challenging behaviours is individualised interventions offered. These individualised interventions should be culturally and socially appropriate, practical and come form Functional Behaviour Assessments FBA (Lewis Sugai,1999,Sugai et al.,2000).Another key feature of PBS can include the use and formation of leadership teams. Who should use in order to monitor progress data based procedures (Albin,Lucyshyn,Horner Flannery,1996).This team should consist of assistant and lead classroom teachers,families,mental health specialists, related service personnel and administrators. All of whom should work frequently with preschool teac hers to support childrens emotional and social development. The procedures used to collect data must look at the organizational structure, that is the routines and schedules that they use (Fox Little,2001;Stormont et al.,2005).PBS is a model that has a continuum of supports such as the first, second and then tertiary or top levels of prevention and intervention. Research seems to show that it needs at least 80% implementation to be effective (Scott Martinek,2006).What this means in effect is piecemeal or partial implementation may put the whole programme at risk. And its effectiveness to make targeted change and then to maintain this change over time. In conclusion looking at the research PBS can offer real help and support for the children displaying this challenging behaviour. Their teachers and importantly the families as they try to cope with this, in what can be a very disruptive and hard to deal with problem behaviour. But like every thing in this current climate, its trying to find the necessary resources for programme. which is going to be a major set back for any school that wants to implement this programme. Especially as the programme needs at least an 80% implementation rate to be fully effective.

Critical Analysis The Sun Also Rises English Literature Essay

Critical Analysis The Sun Also Rises English Literature Essay In the book The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway, we explore the lifestyles and complications of a group of American emigrants living in Paris, France. The story takes places after World War I. The novel concerns a group of psychologically bruised, disillusioned expatriates living in postwar Paris, who take psychic refuge in such immediate physical activities as eating, drinking, traveling, brawling, and lovemaking. Hemingway presents a strong accurate background to the setting and time period primarily because the story is based around his personal experiences as an American emigrant living in Paris. The characters are selfish in a sense that they act without thinking of the possible consequences for their actions and they feel free of any obligations to loyalty or honor to themselves or others. Though Hemingway was a renowned writer at the time of the novels conception, he opened the publics eyes to several taboo topics. At the period of time this book was written, which was in 1926, this book it was considered highly obscene and offensive. Hemingways knowledge of the feeling you get in Paris was evident given the vivid and detailed imagery of the citys streets, locations of business and buildings, and the entire panorama. The references to certain the cafes, buildings, restaurants, and historic locations defiantly provided that Euro-Parisian feeling. The genuine descriptions of Paris, included in the accurate naming of particular restaurants, streets, and neighborhoods gives a odd pull to the reader and somehow draws you inward: The driver started up the street. I settled back. Brett moved close to me. We sat close against each other. I put my arm around her and she rested against me comfortably. It was very hot and bright, and the houses looked sharply white. We turned out onto the Gran Via. Oh, Jake, Brett said, we could have had such a damned good time together. Ahead was a mounted policeman in khaki directing traffic. He raised his baton. The car slowed suddenly pressing Brett against me. Yes, I said. Isnt it pretty to think so? The amazingly colorful dialogue throughout the story makes you feel as though you are actually there eating at the cafà © and watching the drama unravel. Another significant location in this novel is Spain. In Spain, the characters journey to Burguete to fish and Pamplona to witness the Spanish bullfights, which is where Jake is introduced to Pedro Romero (Bloom 113). Romero is a nineteen year old young man, an authentic matador. Jake describes him as the best-looking boy he has ever seen, this is also where we get to see a little bit of Jakes homosexual tendencies. In this book sexuality is flaunted and brought up often. Lady Brett Ashley is probably the biggest source of promiscuity in the novel. She is separated from her husband awaiting a divorce because of her trouble with promiscuity. In addition, several of Bretts lovers are mention throughout the novel. Her lovers, to name a few, are Pedro Romero, Count Mippipopolous, and Mike Campbell. Hemingway was first made aware of bullfights in Spain by a fellow emigrant and was immediately captivated. He soon developed a passion for bullfights which certainly influenced his invention of Pedro Romeo as a character. Hemingways individual experiences are riddled throughout the story and play an important role in the invention and growth of specific characters. Jake Barnes is the narrator and key character in the novel. Jake is a grief stricken, American journalist living in Paris in the 1920s. While Jake does have homosexual tendencies he is in love with Lady Brett Ashley but the relationship is never pursued due to Jakes impotency. By description Jakes appearance is strikingly close to Hemingways actual looks, as well as his personality resembles Hemingway in several ways. After World War I, Hemingway felt strongly inept and detached from society; he often referred to himself as lyrically impotent and physically diminished (Bloom 95-100). Both Hemingway and Barnes were war woun ded, journalists working in Paris emigrant society. Hemingway was not rendered sexually impotent however; he actually suffered wounds to his legs when a mortar exploded in the trench that he was occupying to assist in the health related evacuation of another soldier. Encyclopedia texts cite Hemingways wounds to be awful, he had twenty-eight pieces of shrapnel removed from his legs, leaving behind over two hundred other pieces that were too deep to be removed (Bloom 80-89). Jakes war injury was an unfathomable wound to his genital area that left him impotent and in turn prevented him from having sexual relations with Lady Ashley or any other woman for that matter. Hemingway does not describe Jakes wound, the novel merely states: Undressing, I looked at myself in the mirror of the big armoire beside the bed. That was a typically French way to furnish a room. Practical too, I suppose. Of all the ways to be wounded. I suppose it was funny. I put on my pajamas and got into bed (Hemingway 38). After that excerpt there was no more mention of Jakes wound to the reader, it is left to the individuals imagination. Jakes best friend from the U.S. is Bill Gorton. Bill shares Jakes love of fishing and outdoorsy activities. Their relationship is one of respect and deep companionship. Bill is the animated, funny character in the novel. He brings humor to a very sad situation for Jake. His witty cynicism and comical perception bring light to the novel. In an excerpt from the book Hemingway tells us of situation in which Bill and Jake are venturing to Spain on the train and due to the large amount of Catholic Americans migrating to Spain the two were unable to get tickets for a lunch they had planned to attend. After much time had passed Bill became annoyed: Finally at a quarter past four we had lunch. Bill had been rather difficult to the last. He buttonholed a priest who was coming back with one of the returning streams of pilgrims. When do us Protestants get a chance to eat, father? I dont know anything about it. Havent you got tickets? Its enough to make a man join the Klan, Bill said. The priest looked back at him (Hemingway 93). Michael Campbell, another character in the novel, is a Scottish veteran who is independently wealthy and jobless. Campbell is Lady Ashleys pronounced fiancà © and is horribly jealous of her sexual promiscuity. He does consider himself lucky, however, to be her fiancà © and is willing to overlook her affairs no matter how much they hurt him internally. Robert Cohn, another emigrant character, gives rise to a conflict with his love affliction with Lady Ashley. Robert is also a writer in the click of friends in this novel; Hemingway furthermore establishes a likeness of his own personal experiences in this character and the group of friends he spent time with. Hemingways social circle at this time was his wife, Hadley, his friend Bill Smith, Don Stewart, Harold Loeb, Duff Twysden, and Pat Gutherie (Bloom 25). Hemingway was said to have somewhat of lust affliction toward Twysden but it was unknown if they actually had an affair (Bloom 28). This affection he had toward Duff however did create problems for him. Hemingway later admitted to his publisher that the book was about his own personal experiences. It is a great mistake to put real people in a book and one Ill never make, I hope, again (Baker 215). Lady Brett Ashley, as said before, is a promiscuous woman with an appetite for drunken folly. Her promiscuity and alcoholism creates a conflict in two separate occasions in the novel, of course one between herself and Michael Campbell regarding her liaison with Robert Cohn. The other conflict arises because of Bretts aversion to having an affair with Jake Barnes due to his impotency. The novel is highly centered on drunken follies and Bretts weakness for alcohol and socialization. In each scene of the novel the group is drinking, either social or heavily, or trying to recover from a hangover by drinking more alcohol. The group lives without commitments or boundaries and do whatever comes to mind with no remorse or thought of obligations of loyalty to one another or anyone else. During the 1920s Paris was a focal point for young authors and artists of all sorts, among this congregation of emigrant youth was a spirited American woman named Gertrude Stein. Stein established a famous meeting location where painters and writers such as Picasso, Miro, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway would gather. Hemingway and Fitzgerald met at Steins cafà © to exchange ideas and enjoy the company of one another. Gertrude told Hemingway that he was part of a lost generation, a casual remark, yet one which became world-famous after Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises. This term was coined to describe Americans who served in World War I and felt estranged and social inept in their own nation. All of you young people who served in the war are a lost generationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦You have no respect for anything. You drink yourselves to death (Oliver 25). Needless to say the novels risquà © nature had a propensity of being offensive. After all for the 1920s the words bitch and damn were highly unmentioned. When Max Perkins, Hemingways editor, received the manuscript he was hesitant to print the offensive material but Scribner, Hemingways publisher, insisted it was to remain the way Ernest had intended it. The unbridled rendering of drunkenness, mention of human and animal gentiles, and the profanity alone was enough to have gotten the novel thrown in the trash by any other publisher. Hemingway responded to Perkins by saying, I think that wordsand I will cut anything I canthat are used in conversation in The Sun etc. are justified by tragedy of the story (Baker 211). In a message dated around a month later, Perkins had persuaded Hemingway to refrain from using such atrocious language (Baker 213). When the novel was finally published, the profane nature of the book alone, without the obscene language, was enough for critics to up heave. Critics labeled it as a profanity and the Watch and Ward Society of Boston added the novel to their list of obscene books and requested sellers not to sell the book at all (Baker 215). Hemingways mother, Grace, was among the most offended by the book and wrote her son a letter stating so. Ernest wrote his mother a modest and polite response stating that he didnt wish any pain upon her for reading it and he was not ashamed that he had written it. This novel is intentionally designed for the reader to question Hemingways purpose and intentions. Was the novel truly written to merely express an emigrants perspective in Paris? Or was the novel actually an outright slap in the face toward the American government by depicting drunkenness during the prohibition? At any rate it is a deliberate use of profane language and portrayal of explicit and obscene events for that time period. Hemingway was in no way a conformist even at an early age. In Hemingways new art there was no human experience that was untouchable, no subject matter that was forbidden (Reynolds 210). His mother, Grace Hemingway, stated that Ernest was often times a wayward boy and somewhat of an outcast (Baker 243). Even though the novel received ample negative reviews, The Sun Also Rises went down in history as one of Hemingways best works, a master piece. In 1954, Ernest Hemingway was award the Nobel Prize in Literature. In his acceptance speech he stated a writer should always try for something that has never been done or that others have tried and failed. Then sometimes, with great luck, he will succeed (Hulse par. 8). This novel was definitely the first of its kind, a ground breaker of epic proportions. Like the Americans who migrated to france, the The Sun Also Rises was a pioneer, a leader into the literary unknown. Hemingway is now and forever will be the cherished writer who led the American public into the next wave of unexplored topics. His life was a story in itself that lead to several great novels. In his fiction, the conflicting elements of his personality, the emotional situations which obsess him, are externalized and objectified; and the result is an art which is severe, intense, and deeply serious (Bloom 7). Hemingways career included four marriages (and three divorces); service as an ambulance driver for the Italians in World War I (with an honorable wound); activity as a war correspondent in the Greek-Turkish war (1922), the Spanish Civil War (1937-39), the Chinese-Japanese War (1941) and the War against Hitler in Europe (1944-45). Add big-game hunting and fishing, safaris, expatriation in France and Cuba, bullfighting, the Nobel prize, and the ultimate suicide in Idaho, and you have an absurdly implausible life, apparently lived in imitation of Hemingways own fiction (Baker 5). He is an elegant poet who mourns the self, who celebrates the self (rather less effectively) and who suffers divisions in the self. In the broadest tradition of American literature, he stems ultimately from the Emersonian reliance on the god within, which is the line of Whitman, Thoreau, and Dickenson (Baker 2). In short, Hemingway led a full and beautiful life that will be forever mourned. He is one of the greatest writers in American history acclaimed by many. His life and times will live on forever in his works.

Born Too Early Essay -- essays research papers

According to the American Association of Premature Infants (AAPI), over 400,000 babies are born prematurely or at a low birth weight. As a result of being born early they are more likely to require high-technology intensive and specialized care in the hospital and follow-up care as infants and children. As a result, many have chronic medical problems and developmental problems. Some of the problems consist of respiratory distress, feeding issues, language delays and several other problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a mother of a premature infant, I know these issues are a major concern when the baby is born and the stress that it can put on the families. In order to be able to deal with the situation effectively you have to acquire information and learn the good and the bad that come with having a premature infant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When a baby is born prematurely there are a number of tests that the baby has to go through. First the doctors and nurses have to assess the baby’s heart, lungs, color and temperature. If the baby is having trouble with any of these things then it is taken into what is called the neonatal intensive care unit. In some of the smaller hospitals they aren’t equipped with the technology that is needed to keep the baby alive and the baby has to be transported to a bigger hospital, usually to a hospital in a metropolitan city in order to get the proper care. After the baby has been assessed for problems then it is watched closely ...

Prisons Dont Work Essay examples -- Critical Thinking Essays

Right now in the United States of America murderers, rapists, and child molesters are being set free. Prisoners are watching T.V., eating a meal, and using exercise equipment while law abiding citizens are starving and living in the gutters. Prisoners even have their own periodical. Dangerous criminals are walking the streets and crime is a way of life to many Americans. In America, crime does pay because our nations prison system is not working. The nations prison system must be changed because of major problems with the system such as overcrowding and the fact that early release programs do not work. Building more jails is expensive and does not solve anything. These problems can be solved by giving prisoners no chance for parole and imprisoning only violent offenders. The non-violent offenders should enter a work program for the duration of their sentence. Since 1980, jail and prison populations have grown by 172 percent(United States 11 Sept. 1994). Overcrowding is both inhumane to the prisoner and dangerous to the prison staff. When you put a lot of people, especially criminals, in close quarters tensions rise and the chance of a riot increases. If a riot occurs both prisoners and guards are put in danger. In Texas the jails are full. There is an estimated backlog of 29,000 state prisoners who are incarcerated in county jails awaiting new cells.(Brida 24 Nov. 1994) Texas is not the only state with overcrowding problems. For example, Ohios prison system is operating at 180 percent of capacity.(Varnam 16) Also, the federal prison system is 37 percent over-capacity(Clark 4 Feb. 1994). Statistics like this are found across the country. Prisons should have two objectives; 1) keep dangerous criminals off the streets ... ...ng more prisons cut the crime rate? The CQ Researcher 4 Feb. 1994URL:gopher://gopher.cqalert.com/0F1:25674:05CQR_FEBRUARY1994%20gopher. Cunniff, Mark A. and Patrick A. Langan. Recidivism of Felons on Probation, 1986-89. 24 Nov. 1994(found) URL:gopher://justice2. usdoj.gov/00/ojp/bjs/13. Prison Inmates To Work In Wildlife Management Areas.Associated Press 24 Nov. 1994(found) URL:gopher://gopher.cic.net/00/nircomm/ gopher/e-serials/general/education/univ-newspapers/daily- texan/today/94041507.s03_Prison.gz. Sanchez , Edward J. Look Beyond Capital Punishment. 26 Nov. 1994 (found) URL:?. United States. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Probation And Parole Populations Reach New Highs. 11 Sept. 1994. URL:gopher://justice2.usdoj.gov/00/ojp/bjs/probpar.txt. Voters Get Tough On Criminals. The Associated Press 9 Nov. 1994. URL:?. Prisons Don't Work Essay examples -- Critical Thinking Essays Right now in the United States of America murderers, rapists, and child molesters are being set free. Prisoners are watching T.V., eating a meal, and using exercise equipment while law abiding citizens are starving and living in the gutters. Prisoners even have their own periodical. Dangerous criminals are walking the streets and crime is a way of life to many Americans. In America, crime does pay because our nations prison system is not working. The nations prison system must be changed because of major problems with the system such as overcrowding and the fact that early release programs do not work. Building more jails is expensive and does not solve anything. These problems can be solved by giving prisoners no chance for parole and imprisoning only violent offenders. The non-violent offenders should enter a work program for the duration of their sentence. Since 1980, jail and prison populations have grown by 172 percent(United States 11 Sept. 1994). Overcrowding is both inhumane to the prisoner and dangerous to the prison staff. When you put a lot of people, especially criminals, in close quarters tensions rise and the chance of a riot increases. If a riot occurs both prisoners and guards are put in danger. In Texas the jails are full. There is an estimated backlog of 29,000 state prisoners who are incarcerated in county jails awaiting new cells.(Brida 24 Nov. 1994) Texas is not the only state with overcrowding problems. For example, Ohios prison system is operating at 180 percent of capacity.(Varnam 16) Also, the federal prison system is 37 percent over-capacity(Clark 4 Feb. 1994). Statistics like this are found across the country. Prisons should have two objectives; 1) keep dangerous criminals off the streets ... ...ng more prisons cut the crime rate? The CQ Researcher 4 Feb. 1994URL:gopher://gopher.cqalert.com/0F1:25674:05CQR_FEBRUARY1994%20gopher. Cunniff, Mark A. and Patrick A. Langan. Recidivism of Felons on Probation, 1986-89. 24 Nov. 1994(found) URL:gopher://justice2. usdoj.gov/00/ojp/bjs/13. Prison Inmates To Work In Wildlife Management Areas.Associated Press 24 Nov. 1994(found) URL:gopher://gopher.cic.net/00/nircomm/ gopher/e-serials/general/education/univ-newspapers/daily- texan/today/94041507.s03_Prison.gz. Sanchez , Edward J. Look Beyond Capital Punishment. 26 Nov. 1994 (found) URL:?. United States. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Probation And Parole Populations Reach New Highs. 11 Sept. 1994. URL:gopher://justice2.usdoj.gov/00/ojp/bjs/probpar.txt. Voters Get Tough On Criminals. The Associated Press 9 Nov. 1994. URL:?.

Which level of government should take the lead?

In ascertaining which between the federal government and the state and local government can best address the problems facing this nation, it is important that the pressing problems of the United States of America be identified first. Evidently, the most pressing problems of our nation today include job creation and economic growth, the war in Iraq, health care and social security, energy and the cost of gas, terrorism, illegal immigration and environment and global warming.When it comes to addressing the problem of job creation and economic growth, the lead should not be taken by any of the two levels of government since both the federal as well as the state governments must share the burden of dealing with the same. At the state or local level, intrastate commerce must be readily addressed. While interstate commerce must be facilitated by the federal government.The federal government however must be permitted to take the lead in addressing the problems of the war in Iraq, terrorism, illegal immigration energy and the cost of gas and the environment and global warming as these problems substantially involves foreign policy works that only the federal government is empowered to do. These problems require immediate attention and may oftentimes necessitate instant action which may only be delivered by the national government.On the other hand, the problems of health care and social security must be addressed by the state and local governments for the identification as well as the cure to these problems can best be addressed locally. It is within the realm of the power of the state and local governments to make measures to attend to the problems of health care and social security. Discuss the Davis Administration and how it affected the writing of the 1876 Texas Constitution.Governor Samuel Jackson Davis’ administration was perhaps the most controversial and unpopular one in Texas history. This may be because even his assumption to office was in the first in stance questionable. The backbone of his administration was the Texas Constitution of 1869 which provided for the centralization of power into the Governor’s Office and the expansion of governmental power. Davis’ term lengthened from the original two years to four years and his salary was significantly increased.Davis was able to have control over local state officials because of the vast appointing and removal powers granted to him by the constitution. The Davis administration was also criticized for levying unreasonably high taxes and incurring lavish government expenditures. Aside from his control over the State Police, the Constitution also empowered Davis to take charge of the State Militia which he both used to maintain law and order and compel local officials whenever they refused or failed to obey.His unpopularity was bolstered by immense corruption coupled with his declaration of martial law in some counties. Texans have always preferred decentralization, chea per government spending and abhorred the coercive force of the state police and the state militia and the declaration of martial rule. That is why in December of 1873, Texans replaced Governor Davis with a Democrat in the person of Richard Coke and subsequently rewrote their constitution.Texans promulgated the Constitution of 1876 which, up to this time, remains to be the fundamental organic law of Texas. It provided for shorter terms and lower salaries of elected officials, obliteration of voter registration, local control of schools, low taxation and less government expenditure. Although the governor was given the power to appoint, fill vacancies, and enforce the laws of the land, he was not given control over local or other elected state officials. The 1876 Texas Constitution vastly differed from its predecessor constitution. References: Longley, Robert. â€Å"Federalism: National Vs. State Government.†Ã‚   (2008). April 28, 2008 . Webmaster. â€Å"The Handbook of Texas Online.†Ã‚   (2008). April 28, 2008 .